Alireza Abbasi Semnani
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 96-104
Abstract
Iran is located in one of the most critical geopolitical positions of the world, so that active geopolitical areas with extensive functions have surrounded Iran and changed it into an attraction for regional and global diplomacies. This has resulted in Iran effectiveness in regional and global transitions.
Yet, ...
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Iran is located in one of the most critical geopolitical positions of the world, so that active geopolitical areas with extensive functions have surrounded Iran and changed it into an attraction for regional and global diplomacies. This has resulted in Iran effectiveness in regional and global transitions.
Yet, foreign policy and governments’ performance depends on geopolitical environment and provision of necessary factors for interacting in a collection of spatial and temporal behaviors. Islamic Republic of Iran needs to design and implement its foreign policy based on its geopolitical position (position, situation, energy resources, ideology, and cultural territory) with efficient interaction and a mutual understanding of time and space. Thus, the present article seeks to reach a deep and precise understanding of favorable and unfavorable geopolitical contexts in Iran. It defines approaches used for the realization of opportunities and confronting different challenges facing Islamic Republic of Iran’s effective presence in international changes with lowest expenses and highest profits.
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Kiomars Maleki; Farhad Barandkam; Arezou Shafa'ati
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 97-107
Abstract
Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many ...
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Providing security, decreasing crisis in cities, and observing some principles and arrangements of passive defense with the aim of decreasing the consequences of such crisis are some of the most important issues which should be considered in urban designing and planning. Iran has always witnesses many catastrophes (war, etc.) and suffered many financial damages and casualties. Thus, theoretical and practical position of defense against crisis has gained significant importance in this area. Passive defense and considering its principles in urban designing and planning can decrease the damaging effects of such crisis. The ability to integrate data for modeling, locating and determining land suitability by rating territory are some of the most important capabilities of GIS, based of which it stands out as a special and exclusive system. GIS identifies hazardous points by integrating and combining benchmarks. The present article clarifies the relation between passive defense and urban planning, especially urban land use planning and assessing. Moreover, it considers the role of passive defense in protecting citizens and urban infrastructures across Sanandaj city using Arc GIS10 and AHP.
Maryam Shafiei; Zahra Arzjani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 99-102
Abstract
The present article investigates this research question: “why rainbows are only visible between 40 to 42 degrees in a spherical drop of water?” When a ray of sunlight enters a water drop, some of the light will be reflected, some will pass through the drop and some will be refracted according ...
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The present article investigates this research question: “why rainbows are only visible between 40 to 42 degrees in a spherical drop of water?” When a ray of sunlight enters a water drop, some of the light will be reflected, some will pass through the drop and some will be refracted according to Snell law and exit the drop and create a rainbow.
Two main factors, refractive index and wave length create different colors of rainbows and play an important role in the occurrence of rainbows. Every water drop can create one of the rain bow colors in human visual range. Then, we explain why rainbows are curved.
According to the investigations performed and mathematical formulas proved, we conclude that the intensity of light rays exiting the drop from different angles is not the same, and most of the exiting colorful light make an approximately 42 degree angle with the solar radiation. Yet, this angle depends on the light color. For red to purple, this angle is about 40 to 42 degrees.
Mahdi Ahmadi; Omid Ebrahimi; Arman Gheisvandi
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 104-109
Abstract
Tourism development in deprived regions with necessary tourism potentials is a strategy which has recently attracted the attention of different countries of the world. In different parts of the world, preserving the environment, ecosystem and the wildlife are considered important. The present article ...
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Tourism development in deprived regions with necessary tourism potentials is a strategy which has recently attracted the attention of different countries of the world. In different parts of the world, preserving the environment, ecosystem and the wildlife are considered important. The present article investigates geomorphology of Ilam Province in Western parts of the country emphasizing on geotourism resources. Geomorphologic diversity of the province have created unmatched resources in geotourism which are able to turn the Province into a tourist attraction. The present study identifies geologic and geomorphologic characteristics of straits in this Province and provides necessary solutions for using this valuable resource. Moreover, it identifies unique features of this landforms emphasizing on their attraction.
Taghi Tavusi
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 104-112
Remote Sensing (RS)
Nastaran Nazariani; Asghar Fallah; Hava Hasanvand; Hassan Akbari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The traditional method of chemical analysis has high accuracy and precision. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is not possible to obtain continuous information about the pollutant status over a large area. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The traditional method of chemical analysis has high accuracy and precision. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, and it is not possible to obtain continuous information about the pollutant status over a large area. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable and environmentally friendly method to quickly identify and investigate the distribution of heavy metals in soil and thus identify suspected contaminated areas (Scheuber & Köhl, 2003:33). Remote sensing is one of the ways that can provide a cost-effective and quick solution to investigate the distribution of heavy metals on a large scale using spectroscopic techniques (Bi et al., 2009:16). Habibi et al. (2023:4) also measured and evaluated the concentration of heavy metals in the aerial parts and soil of the tree species of Bandar Abbas city and also identified the species that has the highest potential for absorbing heavy metals. The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn>Zn>Pb>Cd. (Nikolaevich, 2023:30) they addressed the modeling of heavy metal pollution in Central Russia based on satellite images and machine learning. Al, Fe, and Sb contamination were predicted for 3000 and 12100 grid nodes in an area of 500 km2 for the Central Russian region for 2019 and 2020. Estimating the amount of this pollution requires time and high cost. Considering the traffic on the Aleshtar -Khorramabad highway near Kakareza forests and the effect of heavy metal concentration in the soil and leaves of the oak species which can be caused by natural and human pollution, the accumulation of heavy metals in the species Iranian oak is a serious threat to this forest. Therefore, it is necessary to study and discuss pollutants and their effects on the environmental cycle. In this regard, considering the cost and time-consuming nature of traditional methods and since remote sensing methods are a suitable complement to traditional methods; the aim of the present research is to use remote sensing techniques and spectral analyses to evaluate and model the accumulation of heavy metals in Iranian oak species.
Materials and Methods
The present study is located on the road of Aleshtar -Khorramabad, 20 kilometers northwest of Khorramabad. For this purpose, five transects were created at distances adjacent to the road, 500 and 1000 meters on both sides of the road, and 10 x 10 m sample pieces were planted. Inside the sample plots, 30 soil samples were randomly collected and 30 leaf samples were collected from trees in all directions of the crown. To extract heavy metals from soil samples and plant samples, the acid digestion method was used and the physical characteristics of the soil were measured using standard methods. After preparing the samples, the concentration of Pb, Cu, and zinc heavy metals in soil and leaves was measured and the index of biological concentration of heavy metals from soil to leaves was calculated. Then the relationship between the concentration of heavy elements measured and the reflectance in different bands or band ratios at the corresponding sampling points was obtained. Non-parametric methods and generalized multiple linear regression models were used in order to model quantitative variables and spectral values corresponding to sample parts in satellite data. ArcGIS software was used to implement sample parts on the image, ENVI software was used for image processing, and STATISTICA software was used for modeling.
Results and Discussion
Cu and Pb in Iranian oak leaves had significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level, but Cu did not have significant differences at different distances at the 0.05 level. Cu and Pb did not have significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level, but Cu had significant differences in different soil intervals at the 0.05 level. The bioconcentration factor was obtained as (0.2, 0.5, 0.2) mg/kg. The study of modeling of non-parametric methods using Sentinel-2 satellite data showed that the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for the three metals Cu, Pb, and Cu, respectively. The artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm obtained the highest accuracy. Also, according to the results of the random forest algorithm, for the three mentioned metals, PSRI, HMSSI, and PSRI indices are the most important in modeling.
Based on the findings, the concentration values of Cu and zinc were significantly different at different distances, but the Cu values were not significantly different at different distances. In this regard, Mansour concluded in 2014 that there is a significant difference between the concentration of Cu and zinc in the leaves of the species, which can be attributed to traffic density and human activities, and the high amount of zinc metal in this study is the wear of car tires؛ and stated that the concentration of Cu is caused by the production of greenhouse gases and the use of vehicles using Cu gasoline. Based on the findings, the values of Cu and zinc concentrations at different distances did not have significant differences, but the Cu values had significant differences at different distances. Sources of input of Cu element to the soil are urban, industrial, and agricultural waste, fertilizers, and chemicals that add it to the soil through liquid, solid, or mineral fertilizers. These findings are with the results of some researchers including Wu and colleagues (2010:38), Botsou et al. (2016:17) are consistent. Based on the findings obtained from the calculation of the bioconcentration index and their comparison with the classification proposed by Ma et al. (2001:25) for Iranian oak species plants in relation to Cu, zinc, and Cu metals from soil to leaves, it acts as an accumulating plant. In accordance with the results of this research, in the study of Khodakarmi et al. (2009:15), Iranian oak was included in the category of superabsorbent plants in relation to the accumulation of Cu pollutants, which has a high capacity in terms of root absorption. Also, Madejón et al. (2006:25) stated that oak leaves are more resistant than olive leaves. The concentrations of elements in leaves and fruits decrease with time and the risk of toxicity in the food web is reduced. The review and comparison of five algorithms showed that (ANN) the highest explanatory coefficient values (0.85, 0.88, and 0.97) were obtained for three metals, Cu, Zn, and Cu, respectively. Considering the importance of the PSRI synthetic band in increasing the accuracy of modeling with satellite images and the influence of the visible and near-infrared bands, the amount of reflection measured by the spectroscopic method showed that with the increase in the concentration of heavy elements, the amount of reflection in the visible and infrared range decreases (Liu et al., 2011:24).
Conclusion
The results showed that Sentinel-2 images along with artificial intelligence techniques have a relatively good ability to model the level of biological pollution index in the region. In line with the obtained results, it is suggested that the Iranian oak species is used to reduce pollution on highways because it accumulates heavy metals.
Mohammad Hossein Ramesht; Roghayyeh Nikbakht
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 89-93
Abstract
The city of Golpayegan and the surrounding area include metamorphic rocks and igneous masses produced by the performance of internal forces due to its location in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and also river sediments over the fourth era of geology. The existence of these igneous masses has led to the creation ...
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The city of Golpayegan and the surrounding area include metamorphic rocks and igneous masses produced by the performance of internal forces due to its location in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and also river sediments over the fourth era of geology. The existence of these igneous masses has led to the creation of diverse mineral resources in the city, such as the lead and zinc mines of Saleh-e-Peighambar, Godar-e-Sorkh china stone, Konjedjan marble, Haj Gharav plaster and ... . These mines are economically important for the people of this city and due to these conditions, Golpayegan and its area are strong in terms of mineral potential and therefore can play an effective role in regional development. In this research, we tried to investigate the role of geomorphology as one of the important branches of geography science. Geomorphology, on the one hand, studies units and forms such as highs and lows of areas such as mountains, plains…, and, on the other hand, the internal and external processes that form these tectonic units. These units, which have been transformed by various physical, chemical and biological factors from the first period of geology on until they have reached their current shape in modern times, are considered as one of the most valuable natural resources for humanity that are scattered in different geographic regions on the basis of geological and geomorphological characteristics. The method of examination and analysis in this paper relies on the geographic information system and the descriptive method. Using field observations and geological and topographic maps of the region we integrate the sediments of the region and existing mines based on ground surfaces (convex, concave, or flat) On the topographic maps, determine which types of mines and ores are located, how is the spatial distribution of mines based on the land levels, and assess the environmental capability of the region by preparing a map of mineral and ore mining processes.
Bahman Ramezani; Mohammad Taleghani
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 90-94
Abstract
All over the world, coastal areas have always been exploited more than any other area because of their rich resources. Coastal areas are among the most dynamic and productive areas of the world and a context for immerse economic and social activities. On the other hand, population growth and development ...
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All over the world, coastal areas have always been exploited more than any other area because of their rich resources. Coastal areas are among the most dynamic and productive areas of the world and a context for immerse economic and social activities. On the other hand, population growth and development of activities put a lot of pressure on these areas and now coasts face different pollutions and destructions. Iranian coasts are no exception and especially northern coasts have faced different pollutions and land use development much more than their tolerance and strength during last years. Therefore, efforts to correct the dominant procedures and situations began. With the enactment of the fourth development plan (act 63) and its regulation and considering executive mechanisms and executive organization responsibilities, it is possible to organize some of current problems in coasts, and especially northern coasts. This organization must be based on researches and planning in the context of integrative environmental management. Accordingly, the present article briefly address some issues and problems and finally some suggestions are provided.
Hasan Afrakhteh; Farhad Azizpur; Roghayyeh Shamsi
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 103-112
Abstract
Urbanism and transformation of villages near urban areas are among the issues that have influenced urban systems in developing countries like Iran during the last decades. Integration of marginal villages in the urban texture is considered to be one of the most significant physical changes in Iranian ...
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Urbanism and transformation of villages near urban areas are among the issues that have influenced urban systems in developing countries like Iran during the last decades. Integration of marginal villages in the urban texture is considered to be one of the most significant physical changes in Iranian cities, especially in the fifties. Under direct influence of large cities, especially Tehran metropolis, rural areas have experienced a deeper and faster process. So that, many are integrated into urban texture and some others are separated from their rural nature despite being far from urban texture.
The present article seeks to investigate the present position of urban villages in development plans. Descriptive-analytic and secondary data collection methods were used. Results indicate that urban development plans attend to the position of urban villages by adopting and implementing policies such as conserving natural and environmental features, developing tourism functions, protecting and organizing historical and cultural contexts.
Hosseyn Hataminejad; Musa Pajoohan; Nooshin Pakdust
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 105-112
Abstract
Nowadays, commercial complexes and specially shopping centers as the most obvious and the latest type of these complexes have changed into an active commercial nucleus of large and modern cities due to their function and importance in daily life of citizens. Different forms of shopping centers provide ...
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Nowadays, commercial complexes and specially shopping centers as the most obvious and the latest type of these complexes have changed into an active commercial nucleus of large and modern cities due to their function and importance in daily life of citizens. Different forms of shopping centers provide diverse goods and services for their customers. Apart from economic and commercial functions, they have accepted social-cultural and recreational functions. They have changed into a place for dynamic social and cultural interactions and a place for spending free time along with shopping. As if social-cultural roles of old Iranian bazaars are recreated in a modern format. Considering the extent of commercial complex role, function and importance in social, economic and recreational activation of urban areas, strategic planning for construction and development of these complexes is especially sensitive. The present article introduces principles and foundations of drafting strategic document and planning such complexes using global literature and experiences. Descriptive-analytic research method is used. Information is collected using documentary method. Results indicate that there are four strategic areas in strategic planning of these complexes: locating area, design and tenure area, research and consultation area, financial area and each of these areas have their own goals, strategies, guidelines.
Ghaffar Fallahtabar
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 108-112
Abstract
Researches indicate that around one third of lands are located in arid areas and Islamic republic of Iran is also located in arid and semi-arid area of the world. Apart from aridity, a significant part of the country, i.e. around 25 million hectares are wastelands. But beyond this most permanent, seasonal ...
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Researches indicate that around one third of lands are located in arid areas and Islamic republic of Iran is also located in arid and semi-arid area of the world. Apart from aridity, a significant part of the country, i.e. around 25 million hectares are wastelands. But beyond this most permanent, seasonal and temporal rivers and many important inland lakes have saltwater which worsen this sad situation. On the other hand, more water is extracted from groundwater sources to satisfy ever increasing demands. For example, 79837 million m3 water was extracted from ground water resources in 2002-2003 water year which compared to 2001-2002 water year has increased up to 2.5 percent. Inappropriate and wasteful use of groundwater also results in salinization of freshwater resources.
Southern provinces and cities bordering the desert have lots of saltwater. Water shortage and water saltiness along with salt salinization have even reached agricultural villages and lands are no longer profitable. Most aqueduct, especially those in southern parts of the country and those bordering the desert have dried. There were around 40000 aqueduct which reached 26307 in 2004. Many lands are now barren and desolate. Irregular and unplanned extraction of water from aqueducts, springs and freshwater resources by deep and semi-deep wells have decreased freshwater resources to a great degree and have gradually increased saltwater, water shortage crisis and drought crisis. This crisis is an alarm indicating a massive crisis of water shortage. Planners and authorities should see this crisis as an important religious and divine responsibility and try to find a compassionate and responsible solution. Before it is too late, they should manage and protect water resources, try to preserve rural agriculture and avoid wasting water and polluting its resources, which are shortly discussed in the present article.
Parivash Karami
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 110-112
Abstract
According to the Greek scholar, Eratosthenes (194 BC), geography is the study of Earth as the place for human beings. In studying the Earth, geography faces different physical and human factors.Human-environment relation is the underlying concept of geography. Environment consists of natural, human and ...
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According to the Greek scholar, Eratosthenes (194 BC), geography is the study of Earth as the place for human beings. In studying the Earth, geography faces different physical and human factors.Human-environment relation is the underlying concept of geography. Environment consists of natural, human and social environments in which human beings have multiple actions and roles to play. Understanding the environment and using geographic capacities and capabilities like seas, lakes, ponds, waterfalls, forests, plantations, mountains, and sacred, ancient and cultural centers, it is possible to attract tourists and endeavor for development and income increase. As the main element of tourism in spatial crystallization, environment plays an important role in attracting tourists and provide diverse tools. Generally, the focus of geographic environment is on society and it is not possible to separate physical and spatial conditions. Every geographic perspective reveals human consistency and alignment with spatial conditions. Since every geographic area has its specific features, natural and cultural attractions are formed in accordance with them and thus there are different areas of tourism.
Geographic Data
Ali Sadeghi; Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir; Maryam Zareei
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Cities have many challenges, but it can be said that the problem that threatens them is weak. The existence of poverty in cities leads to the occurrence of social and economic issues and causes the stability and development of these cities to be created with problems. ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Cities have many challenges, but it can be said that the problem that threatens them is weak. The existence of poverty in cities leads to the occurrence of social and economic issues and causes the stability and development of these cities to be created with problems. For example, poverty can lead to unemployment, homelessness, crime, and increased disease rates. Therefore, eliminating poverty in cities plays a very important role in creating healthy and sustainable societies. Due to population growth and the influx of Afghan immigrants in recent years, some neighborhoods in District 11 of Isfahan municipality have experienced poverty due to inequality and unfair distribution of services and facilities. In order to organize the current situation and overcome the existing conditions, the spatial distribution of poverty spots must first be identified and then, with regular planning, this problem can be solved to prevent the consequences of poverty at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of urban poverty indicators in the 11th district of the municipality and the social gap among the residents of this neighborhood.
Materials & Methods: The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Based on the data of the statistical block of the 11th district of Isfahan municipality, hotspot analysis and Moran's spatial autocorrelation were performed in the GIS environment. Excel software was used for urban poverty indicators. SPS software is used for the factor analysis of the defined indicators.
Results & Discussion: The results showed that weak in the 11th region of Isfahan municipality has a cluster distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation. According to the zoning, the parts of the center, east, northeast, and parts of the southeast and south. The west is surrounded by poor and very poor blocks, and in the north, northwest and west parts of region 11, there are very prosperous and prosperous blocks. However, in district 11 of Isfahan municipality, we see a class divide. On the other hand, I can say that having poor space in the 11th district of Isfahan city follows the characteristic pattern, in such a way that as we approach from the south to the north and from the east to the west, the poverty be decreases.
Conclusion: Some social and cultural values can perpetuate poverty and social inequality, and people in poverty may have different beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that exacerbate their economic problems. In addition to individual and social factors, institutional factors such as housing policies, zoning laws, and land use regulations can also play a role in the spatial distribution of poverty and social inequality in urban areas. For example, discriminatory housing policies can lead to the concentration of low-income individuals in specific areas, while deprivation zoning policies can limit their access to affordable housing and employment opportunities. Today, poverty exists in various dimensions of human life and has brought with it problems and challenges. Therefore, in order to reduce poverty and implement human and sustainable development, it is essential to identify scientific and specialized methods, the geography of poverty-stricken areas, and important indicators in this field. The successful implementation of strategies and policies to reduce poverty requires the identification of all factors and needs of residents in the geographical area affected by this problem, so that programs can be developed to reduce poverty and improve conditions. This research contributes to the development of knowledge in the field of poverty and urban social planning. Its results can provide the necessary information to make decisions in addressing the urban poor problem.
Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to improve the current conditions in District 11 of Isfahan city:
Implementing neighborhood-based projects to achieve sustainable urban redevelopment with people's participation.
Establishing neighborhood development offices to identify the specific problems of each neighborhood and provide solutions.
Conducting research on poverty with the support and participation of organizations such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and municipal authorities to align their results and find the best solution to address urban poverty.
Considering that the main reason for the migration of native residents of District 11 is the presence of Afghan immigrants in this area, and as a result, many social problems have arisen, it is essential to address this issue with appropriate policies; otherwise, we will face more serious problems between native residents and Afghan immigrants in the future.
Providing facilities and loans for renovation and reconstruction in the area, especially in the central, eastern, and northeast parts.
Creating social justice for the use of facilities.
Improving environmental conditions in District 11 of Isfahan, especially in the Sajjad Square neighborhood, which has an unfavorable situation. Municipal officials can address the environmental problems of this area by creating parks and green spaces, paving the streets, removing environmental pollution, collecting garbage, and organizing the vacant lands.
Creating a space for the education of working children, supporting them, and providing suitable employment opportunities for them.
Improving the physical condition of the area through redevelopment programs, and more.
Sa'di Mohammadi
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 93-101
Abstract
Today, the colossal tourism industry, especially domestic tourism, has a special place in the countries and has an active and effective role in promoting the economic, social and cultural structure of the countries, especially in the developing countries. In this regard, rural tourism is also part of ...
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Today, the colossal tourism industry, especially domestic tourism, has a special place in the countries and has an active and effective role in promoting the economic, social and cultural structure of the countries, especially in the developing countries. In this regard, rural tourism is also part of the tourism industry, which can play an important role in empowering local people and diversifying their economic growth as well as creating new employment opportunities in close connection with other economic sectors. Rural tourism is one of the relatively good rural development grounds that can provide opportunities and facilities especially for rural employment and income, and have an effective role in the revival and renovation of rural areas. The optimal utilization of rural tourism potential as a complementary strategy for rural development can be considered as a sure step for the promotion and development of rural spaces of the country in all economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions. Therefore, the present paper illustrates the potentials of rural areas for rural tourism and the impact of tourism on rural development.
Rahim Sarvar; Sharareh Nourani
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 95-101
Abstract
Theory of sustainable development was proposed in 1970s, and its foundations were implemented gradually by international organizations and national governments. Emphasis on protecting the environment, reducing energy use, preserving environmental values, along with helping local societies in their development ...
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Theory of sustainable development was proposed in 1970s, and its foundations were implemented gradually by international organizations and national governments. Emphasis on protecting the environment, reducing energy use, preserving environmental values, along with helping local societies in their development are among principles emerged in designing and managing hotels and accommodations, so that since 1990s eco-hotel acts as a distinctive brand in the global market and especially in countries with an active economy in tourism. Eco-tourism management with a particular emphasis on “essential preservation for development and essential development for preservation strategy” seeks to play an active role in the realization of sustainable development according to the agenda agreed by governments. Plans implemented in the process of designing and managing by eco-hotel brand have been so significant that other countries now view its principles a special necessity.
The present article seeks to investigate the basic requirements of approaching eco-hotel in Iran. The results of this documentary-analytic study indicate that Iran environmental values and geographic diversity, along with principled utilization of environmental values and creating maximum adaptability between hotels and residences with the characteristics of every place and area requires the application of particular guidelines
Geographic Data
Hamed Asghari; Mohammad Reza Fallah Ghanbari
Abstract
Extwnded Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: How to invest and choose the right place to build a factory is one of the issues that is of vital importance for factories / companies or organizations due to its effects on factors such as performance, profitability, competitiveness, survival and various criteria ...
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Extwnded Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: How to invest and choose the right place to build a factory is one of the issues that is of vital importance for factories / companies or organizations due to its effects on factors such as performance, profitability, competitiveness, survival and various criteria such as social, economic, environmental, quality and Quantities and other goals are always noticeable to investors and managers.
Materials & Methods: Since decision-making in this field is strategic and as a result, the incomplete information of experts in conditions of uncertainty may reduce the success of future exploitation; Therefore, researchers have introduced different methods to choose the right place; D number theory as an extension of Dempster-Shafer theory in locating, while solving the deficiencies in Dempster-Shafer theory, takes into account the lack of expert information in forecasting. In this research, due to the significant amount of demand and sensitivity in the correct direction of capital resources, considering the high amount of capital required and the great importance in choosing the right place in the geography of Iran to achieve success, and that investing in this industry has always been attractive, while choosing criteria with The importance of investigating the selection of a suitable location for the construction of an edible oil refinery in thirty-one provinces of the country with the combined method of Analytical Hierarchy Process and D-Number Theory (D-AHP), due to its ability to analyze data under conditions of uncertainty that can provide a more realistic estimate , has been investigated.
Results & Discussion: the factors affecting the research problem of this research in the form of a combined method (D-AHP) and based on the consensus of the opinions of ten experts and experts have been helped with the help of brainstorming, which include: access to Raw materials, provincial demand, fixed capital costs such as land, etc. and the production capacities (factories) in the region and the frequency of consumption in the neighborhood of the province and the potential threat to the industry in case of a favorable focus are based on the behavior of consumers and political and social factors. Based on the hierarchical structure, the paired relations of D numbers for the criteria, sub-criteria (1 to 17) and options at different levels of investigation and weights have been calculated with this method, and the criteria of access to raw materials (crude oil) and provincial demand are the most important criteria. Finally, the important weights and ranks of places (provinces) in relation to the overall goal have been calculated and prioritized. Important criteria include: access to primary oil raw materials (distance from ports), fixed capital costs such as land, etc., the amount of demand in the provinces, the amount of previously created production capacities, the frequency of consumption in the neighborhood of the provinces, the lifespan of the industry in The future and political and social factors have been investigated and evaluated for 31 provinces of the country with the combined method (D-AHP) and with the consensus opinion of ten experts in the field of Iranian oil industry.
Conclusion: Therefore, the suitable place for investment in the future according to the importance coefficient of the criteria and sub-criteria and in the order of priority are as follows: provinces; Tehran (first priority), Semnan (second priority), Alborz (third priority), Central (fourth priority), Mazandaran (fifth priority), Isfahan (sixth priority), Qom (seventh priority), Fars (eighth priority), Lorestan (priority 9th), South Khorasan (10th priority), Khuzestan (11th priority), Kahkiloyeh and Boyar Ahmad (12th priority), Zanjan (13th priority), Hormozgan (14th priority), Kerman (15th priority), Yazd (16th priority), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (17th priority), Bushehr (18th priority), Qazvin (19th priority), East Azerbaijan (20th priority), Razavi Khorasan (21st priority), Hamadan (22nd priority), West Azerbaijan (23rd priority) ), Gilan (24th priority), Kurdistan (25th priority), North Khorasan (26th priority), Ardabil (27th priority), Sistan and Baluchistan (28th priority), Ilam (27th priority) 9th), Kermanshah (30th priority), Golestan (31st priority). Finally, the important weights and ranks of the places (provinces) have been calculated and prioritized in relation to the overall goal, which will facilitate optimal decision-making and appropriate selection for new investment and prevent waste in the consumption of capital resources and strategic planning in the long term and prevent It helps and prevents the crisis of reduction of national gross product and reduction of capacity or closure of factories, which will lead to unemployment of many employees and activists in this field and social consequences. And it shows the rational policy making to reach the desired situation.
Maryam Jaberi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 102-112
Abstract
Sand hills are formed by erosion in very large mega-cusps (200 meter along the coast). This erosion is caused by returning currents. In very large mega-cusps, coasts reach their narrowest limit. So progressive waves of huge storms and high tides can reach the claws of the coastal hills undercutting them, ...
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Sand hills are formed by erosion in very large mega-cusps (200 meter along the coast). This erosion is caused by returning currents. In very large mega-cusps, coasts reach their narrowest limit. So progressive waves of huge storms and high tides can reach the claws of the coastal hills undercutting them, which finally results in coastal hills being eroded. Measurements and field observations of dunes, sandy beach and returning current morphology were performed in an 18 kilometer coast line of Monterey Bay in California. This part of sandy coast line is uplifted more than 40 meters due to the spread of sand dunes. Under the cape and toward the gulf center, waves converge due to their breakdown on the Monterey underground canyons and their height increase significantly. Large gradient of wave height in coast length creates a continuous gradient in morphodynamic scale. Thus, strong returning waves and narrow mouth of the bay have resulted in the development of returning currents throughout the coast.
With 95% confidence level, longitudinal coastal changes which happen due to the volume of eroding hills have a significant correlation with longitudinal changes occurring due to coast line cusps. Moreover, longitudinal changes in coasts caused by the cusps in the coast line has a very significant relation with longitudinal changes of the coast in the range of rip currents. Therefore, it is possible to say that very large cusps are related to rip currents and the position of eroding hills is also related to the range of mega-cusps.
Mohammad Reza Zand Moghaddam
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 102-108
Abstract
By expanding the application of the Global Positioning System (GPS), this method became increasingly inexpensive, light and easy. The accuracy of the GPS was improved, and apparently, the constant control of the morphological changes on the surface of the earth altered slowly and modestly. The purpose ...
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By expanding the application of the Global Positioning System (GPS), this method became increasingly inexpensive, light and easy. The accuracy of the GPS was improved, and apparently, the constant control of the morphological changes on the surface of the earth altered slowly and modestly. The purpose of the study is to measure morphology of ditches in a pond near Loyd in the Shankxi province using GPS. there are three main types of ditches within the area of study: the side ditches, valley ditches, hill slope ditches. This research focuses mainly on ditches of the hill slopes. The ditches of the slope in the research area are largely discontinuous and develop rapidly. In the area of research, the density of the ditch is very large. The regress rate of the slopes of the hill is 0.16-2.0m per year. The relationship between the drainage area with high slope (A) and the main slope (S) of the ditches of hill slopes is S = 0.1839 A. The 2AS values in the main cuttings of the hill slope ditches are in a range of 41 to 814 square meters and most of them range from 100 to 300 square meters. Both of these relationships are considered as indicators of the position of the ditch’s main cutting.
Geographic Data
Zahra Heydari monfared; Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi; Hossein Asakereh; Koohzad Raisipour
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Snow-cover changes and related phenomena (especially depth, snow water equivalent and snow density) have a fundamental role in mountainous environments and strongly affect water availability in downstream areas. In this way, the importance of correct and appropriate analysis ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Snow-cover changes and related phenomena (especially depth, snow water equivalent and snow density) have a fundamental role in mountainous environments and strongly affect water availability in downstream areas. In this way, the importance of correct and appropriate analysis is more visible. Due to the fact that most of the rainfall falls in the form of snow in mountainous areas, the management of snow resources in these areas is very important, and knowing the different aspects of variability and geographical patterns governing the phenomenon of snow is a scientific and practical need. It is considered special in water resources and in the agricultural sector. Thus, in the current research, the spatio-temporal patterns governing the annual average of snow density in different decades and the difference of each of the decades compared to the entire time period have been estimated and analyzed using spatial statistics methods.
Materials & Methods: The studied area with an area of about 151,771.91 square kilometers is located between 34°44' to 39°25' north latitude from the equator and 44°3' to 49°52' east longitude from the Greenwich meridian. In order to investigate the spatial autocorrelation changes of the average snow density in northwest Iran during the years 1982-2022 from the data obtained from the database of the European Center for Medium-Range Atmospheric Forecasting ECMWF4/ ERA5 based on daily data, and to identify and understand the spatial patterns of density Barf, based on statistical and graphic models have been used in the geographic information system environment. In the study of temporal-spatial changes of the average snow density of the region in different time periods including 4 decades ((1982-1992), (1992-2002), (2002-2012), (2012-2022)) and the whole period of 41 years (2022) -1982)), general Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used. Also, in the current research, in order to investigate the effect of changes in Extreme snow precipitation on the amount of snow density in the northwest region, it has been done to determine the snow threshold. In order to estimate snow drift, a threshold was defined. Since the station snowfall amount data has a high dispersion, values above the mean cannot be accurate for defining the threshold of freezing snow. In this way, the 99th percentile index has been used to determine the snow threshold.
Results & Discussion: The aim of the current research is to investigate the spatial autocorrelation changes of the annual mean snow density in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the annual snow density data during the statistical period of 1982-2022 was obtained from the ECMWF/EAR5 database with a resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees, and then divided into four ten-year periods. In order to analyze spatial autocorrelation changes, global Moran indices and hot spot analysis (Gettys-RDJ) were used at the significance level of 90, 95 and 99%. Also, in order to investigate the effect of extreme precipitation on changes in the level of snow density, the 99th percentile statistical index was used, and based on this index, the freezing threshold of each synoptic station in the region was determined during the last decade (2012-2022) and the interval the entire statistical period (1982-2002) was carried out. The results of the present research showed that in the studied area, snow density has spatial autocorrelation and a strong cluster pattern. With a density threshold less than 0.10 kg/m3, from the first decade to the end of the fourth decade, the area (number of pixels) and the amount of snow density in the northwest have decreased. The results of the analysis of the changes in precipitation in the 99th percentile showed that the amount of this type of precipitation has increased significantly during the last decade of the study, and this has caused the snow density to increase relatively in the last decade compared to the first to third decades. However, in general, the amount of snow density in the entire northwest area has significantly decreased during the last four decades.
Conclusion: The evaluation of the temporal changes of snow density also strengthened the hypothesis of the occurrence of freezing snow precipitation leading to an increase in snow density in the months of cold seasons during the last decade. This point was confirmed by examining the statistical index of the 99th percentile of snowy days of each synoptic station in the region during the last decade (2009-2018) compared to the entire period of station statistics (2000-2018). The results of the analysis of the changes in precipitation in the 99th percentile showed that the amount of this type of precipitation has increased significantly in the last decade of the study and this has caused the snow density in the last decade to increase relatively compared to the first to third decades. However, in general, the amount of snow density in the entire northwest area has decreased significantly during the last four decades. Moran's statistic was used to explain the pattern governing snow density in northwest Iran. The results of Moran's index about the annual average of snow density showed that the values related to different time periods have a positive coefficient and are close to one, which indicates that the snow density data has spatial autocorrelation and has a cluster pattern. Also, the results of standard Z score and P-value confirmed the cluster significance of the spatial distribution of snow density in the northwest. Finally, the analysis of hot spots has been a clear confirmation of the continuation of concentration and clustering of snow density in northwest Iran in space with the increase of the time period, which mountainous areas have the first rank in the formation of hot clusters with a probability of 99%. have given.
Sohrab Askari
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 107-113
Abstract
Persian Gulf has belonged to Iran since the dawn of history. The presence of Iranians in this aquatic zone is a historical and geographical fact. In some periods of history, the Persian Gulf was considered as amongst inland waters. The lawful presence of Iran in the Persian Gulf dates back to the year ...
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Persian Gulf has belonged to Iran since the dawn of history. The presence of Iranians in this aquatic zone is a historical and geographical fact. In some periods of history, the Persian Gulf was considered as amongst inland waters. The lawful presence of Iran in the Persian Gulf dates back to the year 1923. At that time, despite the opposition of major powers such as Britain and the United States, attempts were made to make the presence of Iranian navy in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea organized. By adopting the law of determining the extent of the coastal waters and the area of state control in the seas, on July 15, 1934, Iran's actions became operational. In the year 1956, the oil law was ratified and exploration operations began in the territories of Iran. Iraq, without specifying its maritime territory, claimed that Iran's operations had entered the territory of that country. It went on to take unilateral measures to determine the scope of his maritime area, which faced Iran’s non-acceptance. Over the past five decades, the land and border issues and political differences between Iran and Iraq have been effective in the lack of sea division between the two countries. The geographic position of the coasts of Iran and Iraq relative to each other and the exact location of the Tripartite Point, which is the crossing point of the maritime borders of Iran, Iraq and Kuwait, will have a great influence on the future border-determination process of the two countries. Currently, Iran's sea border with Iraq is under the influence of issues such as the re-signing of Algeria treaty in 1975, marking the borders with bars, the dredging of the Shatt al-Arab River (Arvandroud), the payment of war damage inflicted by Iraq, and so on. This article, while explaining the above-mentioned issues, tries to explain the necessity of settling the Iranian sea border with Iraq.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Samaneh Bagheri; Mahmoud Soorghali; Hassan Emami
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Monitoring vegetation changes is crucial for environmental planning and management, and satellite images offer various methods for detecting these changes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of various plant indices from remote sensing (RS) systems ...
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Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Monitoring vegetation changes is crucial for environmental planning and management, and satellite images offer various methods for detecting these changes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of various plant indices from remote sensing (RS) systems is utilized to evaluate changes and create thematic maps for monitoring diverse plant cover. Today, RS indices are widely used in research projects in specialized fields, such as vegetation health, stress assessment, plant development rate, and plant greenness, to evaluate vegetation health, stress types, and plant illnesses. Hyperspectral imagery, particularly from the red and near-infrared bands in the electromagnetic spectrum (690-740 nm), has been widely used to derive vegetation indices. This project intends to monitor the forest risk regions of a segment of northern Iran's forests in 2020 using a combination of various indices produced by RS data and a geographic information system (GIS). Prisma hyperspectral images were used to assess the health of forests in Northern Iran's Rudsar, Ramsar, and Tonkabon forests, focusing on water stress, insufficient growth, plant pests, diseases, and greenness. Forest areas are divided into five risk-acceptance regions using RS indices, and the data is analyzed using various GIS weighting methods to determine the remaining dangerous forest regions.
2- Methodology
The study utilized twelve plant indices from three categories (greenness, growth, leaf pigments, and leaf surface moisture) and four other individual vegetation indices using various techniques. Based on this, the study selected sixteen forest risk-taking maps from five classes with varying risk-taking potential, weighted the layers using hierarchical analysis, and generated a final map based on the obtained weights. When the average results of combined and individual indices were compared with the classification map, it was discovered that the combined indices were more accurate than the individual indices. Existing composite indices are categorized into three broad groups: plant greenness, leaf pigment, and productivity of water or light usage in the vegetation canopy. The three primary characteristics each possess multiple indices that can be combined to provide crucial insights into forest health.
3- Results and discussion
The study reveals that when combined with appropriate indices, combined indices can provide high accuracy in the risk assessment of forest areas in the north of the country. In contrast, an incorrect combination can result in low-accuracy outcomes. The study found that the combined indices had a 11% error in two high-risk forest areas, while individual indices had a nearly double error of 21%. The use of composite indices significantly reduces the inaccuracy of calculating forest risk regions by 50% and enhances the accuracy of monitoring these areas. Furthermore, when the combined indices were examined independently, the findings revealed that the combination of the VCN and VCNW indices yielded the maximum accuracy. These compounds are highly effective in assessing the health of vegetation, assessing plant stress, and determining plant water content. On the other hand, the combined indexes from RC were less accurate than the previous combination, with the highest accuracy levels being SIPI, NDII, NDWI, and WBI. These synthetic substances are utilized in the fields of plant health and stress assessment. The accuracy of SIPI, NDII, NDWI, WBI1, PRI1, and RGRI is significantly reduced when combined with the NC index. The combination's low accuracy may be due to the NDVI index's limitations, as it is primarily used to detect vegetation presence or absence and does not detect plant health or stress. The study presents the first results from research on plant stress in northern Iranian forests using Prisma hyperspectral data. Hyperspectral data is chosen for its superior spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution, making it ideal for studying dynamic ecosystems in the current research region. Hyperspectral RS allows for non-destructive monitoring of leaf pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanin content, crucial indicators of vegetation health. Therefore, the recommendation is to employ a combination of indices with diverse approaches in hyperspectral images instead of using individual indices for monitoring vegetation usage.
4- Conclusion:
Forest health monitoring is a crucial aspect of forest management programs, and utilizing RS techniques and data can be highly beneficial in this field. The study compared the accuracy of combined indices and individual indices using the classification map, revealing that combined indices were more precise. In addition, the results showed that in almost two high-risk classes of the forest area, the combined indicators have an error of 11% and the individual indicators have an error of almost twice their error, 21%. Therefore, composite indices significantly reduce forest risk area estimation errors by 50% and improve accuracy. Therefore, it's recommended to use a combination of indices with different approaches in hyperspectral images instead of individual indices for monitoring vegetation usage.
Remote Sensing (RS)
Mohamad Fathollahzadeh; Mojtaba Yamani; Abolghasem Goorabi; Mehran Maghsoudi; Mernoosh Ghadimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
The landforms created by tectonic processes are studied by morphotectonics, in other words, morphotectonics is the science of applying geomorphic principles in solving tectonic problems. Quantitative landscape measurements are usually based on the calculation of geomorphic ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction:
The landforms created by tectonic processes are studied by morphotectonics, in other words, morphotectonics is the science of applying geomorphic principles in solving tectonic problems. Quantitative landscape measurements are usually based on the calculation of geomorphic indices, using topographic maps, satellite images aerial photographs, and field visits. Coastal deltas are part of landforms and landscapes that, due to the proximity of two environments, land, and water, leave visible effects against tectonic activities, such as changing the pattern and location of deltas due to the change in the course of coastal rivers, the formation of unbalanced coastal terraces in parts of the coast, and the emergence of cut beaches in the form of seawalls.
One of the methods of identifying and measuring land changes is using radar remote sensing. The principles of this technique were first described by Graham in 1974 (Pacheco et al., 2006). Interferometry using radar images with an artificial window or SAR is a precise method based on the use of at least two radar images of the same area, which measures the height displacement changes in wide areas and during different time intervals with a significant accuracy of millimeters (Dong et al., 2018).
The coastal areas of northern Iran are of great importance due to the high population density and the ability to grow and develop economically and agriculturally, so monitoring geomorphic changes in the direction of sustainable development of these areas is particularly important.
In this research, the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea from Gomishan to Joibar is investigated in terms of subsidence and uplift using radar remote sensing techniques to determine the active tectonic zones of the coast in terms of temporal and spatial changes.
Materials and Methods:
The Eastern Caspian Plain is the border between the Caspian Sea and West Gorgan and includes the cities of Gomishan, Bandare Turkman, Bandare Gaz, Gulugah, Khazarabad, and Joybar. The absolute height of the Caspian Plain along the coastline is determined according to the sea level, based on the hydrographic data of the Baku station, since 1850, the Caspian sea level has varied between -25.4 and -29.4 (Abdolhi Kakrodi, 2012).
The history of seismic activity in North Alborz shows that cities like Rasht, Lahijan, Amol, and Gorgan, have been destroyed many times due to destructive earthquakes (Aqhanbati, 2013). The Alborz fault is an active fault that is stretched in a clockwise direction in the southern Caspian basin.
In this research, according to the desired goals and radar remote sensing techniques, a series of Sentinel-1 radar images with a suitable time and space difference (maximum 30 days and maximum 150 meters respectively) including 61 images in time from 2014 to 2021 were prepared and processed.
Results:
The results obtained from the SBAS model indicate that the eastern part of the Caspian coast is more affected by the uplift and this trend continues up to Gorgan Bay. The Gorgan city has an uplift between 20 and 40 mm/year, which is reversed towards the coastal area, and subsidence of 10 to 52 mm/year occurs, which decreases as it approaches the coast and reaches 10 mm /year.
Discussion, Conclusion:
According to the results obtained from radar interferometry, the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea is more affected by uplifting. The Gorgan city has an uplift between 20 and 40 mm/year, which is reversed towards the coastal area, and subsidence of 10 to 52 mm/year occurs, which decreases as it approaches the coast and reaches 10 mm/year.
To verify the results obtained, the data of the Gorgan geodynamic station was used, which shows subsidence of about 90 to 100 mm in a 6-year period, which is consistent with the values obtained from radar interferometry Based on comments Shahpasandzadeh (2013) and the reports of Nazari et al (2021), active tectonics caused by the Caspian fault that indicates the horizontal geodynamic displacement diagram of Gorgan, the small area towards the north and east during this time, which is observed in the form of numerous branches with a thrust (reverse) mechanism and a right-slip component with a slope to the south in Golestan province.
Considering that the main feature of the coast of the Caspian Sea is the Surface rivers and the use of groundwater is very little and also the extraction of gas, oil, and mining resources, which is another factor in the occurrence of land subsidence, does not exist in this area, and there isn’t also huge and heavy structure in the study area that affects the subsidence of the surface; so displacement in the study area is the result of active tectonics.
Extraction, processing, production and display of geographic data
Sara Sheshangosht; Hossein Agamohammadi; Nematollah Karimi; Zahra Azizi; Mohammad Hassan Vahidnia
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Glaciers and their short-term and long-term elevation changes are among the most critical environmental hazard indices for monitoring climate change and evaluating geomorphology, perpetually posing risks to climbers, environmentalists, and tourists. The Alamkooh ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Glaciers and their short-term and long-term elevation changes are among the most critical environmental hazard indices for monitoring climate change and evaluating geomorphology, perpetually posing risks to climbers, environmentalists, and tourists. The Alamkooh glacier’s snout is known as one of the most dynamic parts of glaciers in Takht-e-Soliman height due to the yearly advance and retreat of glacier movement causing substantial volumes of various glacial deposits to collapse into their downstream areas. Nowadays, the advancements of satellite imagery, aerial photos, and Unmanned Automated vehicles (UAV) pave the path for accurately extracting and evaluating these changes. Therefore, the objectives of this research are: (a) evaluating the use of new and cost-effective technologies (UAVs) in comparison to satellite imagery for monitoring glacier changes, (b) identifying spatiotemporal glacier elevation changes, and (c) evaluation of the elevation change rate of the Alamkooh glacier snout from 2010 to 2020 using high spatial resolution remotely sensing data. In this context, the elevation changes of the snout of Alamkooh Glacier, as the hazardous activist part of this glacier, were assessed using Digital elevation models (DEMs) differences of 2010, 2018, and 2020.
Materials and Methods
Alamkooh Glacier is located on the northern hillside of Alamkooh Summit in the Takht-e-Soliman region. The snout of this glacier is situated in a steep valley known as Lizbonak and its high activity changes the shape and morphology of this area. In this paper, spatial and temporal elevation changes of Alamkooh Snout were identified and evaluated using DEMs subtraction derived from aerial laser scanning (LiDAR) data in 2010, and from images captured by UAV in 2018 and 2020. Before elevation change analysis, the DEMs obtained through UAVs in 2018 and 2020 were carried out using approximately 40 and 20 ground control points, respectively. The resulting outputs displayed a reliable accuracy of around 15 cm for these DEMs. In addition, for assessing elevation changes precisely, the all of extracted DEMs were preprocessed and orthorectified and then subsequently subtracted pairwise. Then after, the accuracy of elevation changes was appraised based on non-glacial area elevation change. The outcomes of elevation change in this region signify a high level of accuracy in the 10-year time span. According to the results, the average and standard division elevation change of non-glacial area was ±0.05 cm and 0.34 cm respectively. Moreover, the average error assessment on the non-glacial area indicates that within eight years from 2010 to 2018 the average error was ±0.16 cm, and within two years it was ±0.11 cm from 2018 to 2020.
Result and discussion
Results of DEMs pairwise differences show significant elevation changes in this part of Alamkooh Glacier from 2010 to 2020. The average and the maximum elevation change rates in this period are -0.8 (m/yr.) and -2.31(m/yr.) respectively. The major elevation changes in the snout of Alamkooh happened in the initial period from 2010 to 2018 where the yearly and the maximum mean elevation change rates were -1.03 (m/yr.) and –2.77 (m/yr.) respectively. On the contrary, the elevation changes from 2018 to 2020 were lower than the first period whereas the yearly mean elevation change was about +0.1 (m/yr.) and the maximum elevation change rate was -1.85 (m/yr.). The positive rate of elevation change from 2018 to 2020 is due to debris and ice cubes flowing from upstream and accumulation downstream. Moreover, the Spatial analysis of elevation changes results show a heterogeneous distribution whereas the most significant elevation change in the snout of Alamkooh glacier has occurred predominantly across and along the largest existing valley rather than being evenly spread out across the entire area. The elevation change domain in this valley is between +1.3±0.05 to -23.05±0.05 and the average elevation change of in ten years from 2010 to 2020 is about -8.01 ± 0.05 meters. These changes mostly were negative with decreasing and eroding rates. In contrast, the elevation changes in other valleys only occurred at the exit area of the glacier and just the entrance of the snout area, and the margins did not show a considerable change. When considering all valleys in the snout of Alamkooh the elevation changes distribution across the snout varies between +0.45 to -13.2 (m) with an average of -7.8 (m) which is less than alongside changes at the main valley.
Conclusion
The results show elevation changes in the Almakooh snout do not have constant rate and largely fluctuate in different years and regions. The maximum elevation changes occurred from 2010 to 2018 and along with the main steepest valley. The main valley plays a vital role in elevation change analysis and flowing debris down. This area is also known as the depletion area of the Alamkooh glacier and its drastic elevation changes are caused due to ice and snow melt. The tremendous historical flood of the SardAbrood River occurred in June 2011 was created and affected by elevation changes in this area. Therefore, the tongue of Alamkooh Glacier is considered one of the most dangerous areas regarding natural hazards, and morphological change studies require precaution regarding approaching or visiting this area. This research also confirms that using time-series of remote sensing data such as UAV and Lidar images is very helpful and cost-effective data for identifying, extracting, and monitoring the spatiotemporal changes of glaciers, debris flow directions, and natural hazards.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammad Karimi; Parastoo Pilehforooshha; Ali Safari
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction:The exploration and preparation of the potential map of mineral reserves requires the use of various methods and techniques, based on the geological and mining knowledge of the investigated area, and the use of predictive models of mineral potential (Bonham-Carter, ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction:The exploration and preparation of the potential map of mineral reserves requires the use of various methods and techniques, based on the geological and mining knowledge of the investigated area, and the use of predictive models of mineral potential (Bonham-Carter, 1994; Carranza et al., 2008a). According to the investigations, the common models of map integration that are used in the discovery of mineral reserves in the initial exploration stage include index overlap model, fuzzy operators, weighted indicators and smart methods such as random forests and artificial networks. Determining the values of weights and scores that show the relative importance of the effective factors is the primary requirement in combining the maps and preparing the mineral potential map (Agterberg, 1992; Brown et al., 2000).The purpose of this research is to prepare a potential map of copper deposits in Dehj-Bazman region using two methods of random forest and support vector machine. In addition, in order to compare the potential map of porphyry copper reserves resulting from the random forest method, the support vector machine method and the knowledge-based methods of index overlap and fuzzy logic were used.Materials & Methods:The area studied in this research is a part of the magmatic belt of Kerman region, known as the Dehj-Sardouye belt. The information layers controlling mineralization in Dehj-Bazman area include rock units, structures, alterations, geochemistry, geophysics and copper deposits. In practical applications of machine learning algorithms, mineral potential mapping is essentially a bimodal classification problem, such that each undiscovered area is classified as prospective or non-prospective according to some combination of mapping criteria (Zuo, 2011). The final results are a set of predictive maps that show target areas with high ore formation potential.In order to model, training was done. Before training the random forest model, the input data set and the target variable should be prepared and then the model should be trained. The target variables for entering the random forest model and support vector machine were determined as deposit points (values of 1) and non-deposit points (values of 0). Then the genetic algorithm was used to adjust the parameters.Evaluation of the predictive performance of random forest model and support vector machine can be described by the ambiguity matrix. In this matrix, there are four components, which are defined as: (1) a deposit sample that is correctly classified as a deposit (TP); (2) a deposit sample incorrectly classified as a non-deposit sample (FN), (3) a non-deposit sample correctly classified as a non-deposit sample (TN), and (4) a non-deposit sample that is wrongly classified as a deposit sample (FP) (Liu et al., 2005; Tien Bui et al., 2016): (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) After training and evaluating different models, the best model was obtained by adjusting different parameters and it was used to integrate factor maps in order to predict areas with high potential of porphyry copper deposits. Also, knowledge-based methods of fuzzy logic and index overlap were used to combine factor maps to compare with the results of intelligent methods.Results & Discussion:At this stage, the desired information layers were collected and prepared in the GIS environment, and then factor maps were prepared. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, predicted positive value, predicted negative value, kappa index and OOB error were used to evaluate the performance of random forest model and support vector machine. Also, the importance of the predictor variables in the random forest model was evaluated through the mean decrease in accuracy and the mean decrease in node impurity or the Gini impurity index (Breiman, 2001). According to the results, the most important predictor in the random forest model is the geochemical map, while the structures factor has the least impact in predicting the preparation of the mineral potential map with the final random forest model.In the potential maps of porphyry copper deposits obtained from two methods of random forest and support vector machine, the target areas cover 14% of the studied area, in which there are 92% and 87% of known deposits, respectively. Finally, the efficiency of machine learning methods and knowledge-based methods were compared. In order to produce porphyry copper potential map with knowledge-based methods, the judgment of expert experts was used to assign weights to each criterion map. For this purpose, weights of 0.3, 0.25, 0.25, 0.1, 0.1 were assigned to produce maps of alteration factor, geochemistry, geology, geophysics and structures respectively. In the potential map obtained from the method of index overlap and fuzzy logic (fuzzy sum), the areas predicted as copper mines cover 16 and 17 percent of the studied area, respectively, in which 83 and 79 percent of the existing mines are located.Conclusion:This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of random forest method and support vector machine method and knowledge-based methods to prepare porphyry copper potential map of Dehaj-Bozman region of Kerman province. Based on the results, the random forest model works well in the field of porphyry copper potential map preparation with geochemical, geophysical, geological, alteration and structures datasets. In addition, the random forest algorithm can estimate the importance of factor maps.The results of this research show that the geochemical factor map is the most important and the structure factor map is the least important in predicting the data-driven model of random forests. This estimate of importance is consistent with geological knowledge about porphyry copper mineralization in Dehj-Buzman region. In order to produce porphyry copper potential map with knowledge-based methods, the judgment of expert experts was used to assign weights to each criterion map. According to the obtained results, the performance of the random forest model is better than the vector machine model, and also, the performance of the support vector machine model is better than the knowledge-based methods.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Abolfazl Ghanbari; Mostafa Mousapour; Habil Khorrami hossein hajloo; Hossein Anvari
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction:The urban space is the most important human-made spatial structure on the planet earth. The history of urban development shows the path of human development, political system evolution and technological, technical and industrial developments. The physical development of ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction:The urban space is the most important human-made spatial structure on the planet earth. The history of urban development shows the path of human development, political system evolution and technological, technical and industrial developments. The physical development of urban areas is one of the main drivers of global changes that have important direct and indirect effects on environmental conditions and biodiversity. In the process of physical development of the city, due to the transformation of natural and semi-natural ecosystems into impermeable surfaces, it often causes irreversible environmental changes. One of the new approaches in urban planning is the use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system. The emergence of remote sensing and machine learning techniques offers a new and promising opportunity for accurate and efficient monitoring and analysis of urban issues in order to achieve sustainable development. The process of processing satellite images can generally be divided into two approaches: pixel-based image analysis and object-based image analysis. The pixel-based analysis technique is performed at the level of each pixel of the image and uses only the spectral information available in each pixel. On the other hand, the object-based analysis approach is performed on a homogeneous group of pixels, taking into account the spatial characteristics of the pixels. One of the basic problems in urban remote sensing is the heterogeneity of the urban physical environment. The urban environment usually includes built structures such as buildings and urban transportation networks, several different types of vegetation such as agricultural areas, gardens, as well as barren areas and water bodies. Therefore, in the pixel-based processing approach, the existence of heterogeneity in the urban biophysical environment causes spectral mixing and also spectral similarities in the classification operation of satellite images in such a way that in a place where a pixel is If the surrounding environment is different, it causes Salt and Pepper Noise. Therefore, according to the problems in the pixel-based processing approach, the aim of this research is to compare the accuracy of machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing of satellite images in extracting the physical development area of Hamedan city using Sentinel 2 satellite image.Materials & Methods: The remote sensing data used in this research is a multi-spectral satellite image with a spatial resolution of 10 meters from the Sentinel 2 satellite, including bands 2 (blue), 3 (green), 4 (red) and 8 (near infrared) related to the date is the 23 of August 2023 in the city of Hamadan. The image of the Sentinel 2 satellite was downloaded from the website of the European Space Agency. In ENVI software, the pre-processing operation was performed on the satellite image. Then, in the eCognition software, the segmentation process was performed based on the appropriate scale, shape factor, and compression factor with the aim of producing image objects. After segmenting and converting the image into image objects, using machine learning classifiers based on object-oriented processing of satellite images including Bayes classification algorithms, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, decision tree and random trees, the classification process was carried out and maps of urban physical development area were produced. After the segmentation operation and the production of visual objects, three classes of built-up urban land, vegetation and barren land were defined, and some of the built objects in the segmentation stage were selected as training points and some were selected as ground Truth points.Results & DiscussionAfter downloading the satellite image from the website of the European Space Organization, in order to apply the radiometric correction of the image and also with the aim of matching the value of the gray levels of the image with the value of the real pixels of the terrestrial reflection, the gray levels are converted to radiance and then, using atmospheric correction, to coefficients. They became terrestrial reflections. In order to apply radiometric correction, Radiometric Calibration tool was used, and to apply atmospheric correction, FLAASH model was used in ENVI software. In order to classify the satellite image based on machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing, eCognition software was used. The satellite image of the study area, which was pre-processed and saved in TIFF format, was called in the environment of this software and saved as a project. In order to produce visual objects, segmentation operations were performed in different scales, shape factor and compression ratio to reach the most appropriate segmentation mode. In this step, the multiple resolution segmentation method was used to segment the image. The most appropriate segmentation included the scale of 100 and the shape factor of 0.6 and the compression factor of 0.4. Because in scales higher than 100, the construction of the visual object was not done correctly, so that several distinct complications were placed in one piece, and in scales less than 100, in some cases, one complication was placed in several pieces. In order to classify the generated image objects, machine learning algorithms were defined separately and after training each algorithm, the classification operation was performed. In this step, the classification was done based on the nearest neighbor method and by selecting the average and standard deviation parameters for each image band. After producing a map of the city physical development range through machine learning classifiers based on object-based processing of satellite images, the classification accuracy of each of the used algorithms was calculated. In order to calculate the accuracy of the above algorithms in eCognition software, using selected ground Truth control points, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were calculated for each of the algorithms.Conclusion:Based on the results of the research, it is possible to produce a map of Hamedan's urban physical development using machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing of satellite images with acceptable accuracy. Also, among all the algorithms used in this research, k-nearest neighbor with overall accuracy of 97% and kappa coefficient of 0.96 provided more accuracy.
