Ali Baratian
Volume 13, Issue 52 , February 2004, , Pages 15-18
Abstract
Humanity has long been trying to prevent rain floods and storms, and hoped to have the opportunity to control weather and atmospheric phenomena.In recent years, there have been a great deal of discussions about artificial rain. It is supposed, or even promised, that it can be possible, irrespective of ...
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Humanity has long been trying to prevent rain floods and storms, and hoped to have the opportunity to control weather and atmospheric phenomena.In recent years, there have been a great deal of discussions about artificial rain. It is supposed, or even promised, that it can be possible, irrespective of location and time, to produce the required rainfall.This has created more hope and expectation for artificial rainfall in human society. Today, with the rapid advent of meteorological knowledge and advancements in technology of data exchange, the thought of interfering in atmospheric events has seriously entered the realms of research and experimentation. But so far, meteorologists have come to the conclusion that it is possible to make preparations for accelerating or delaying some of the effects of climate only on a small scale.In recent decades, many efforts and research have been made to change the natural rate of condensation and precipitation processes in order to achieve goals such as artificial precipitation, mist elimination (especially at airports) and hail lightening, all of which relies on the present knowledge of human beings in the field of cloud physics. The onset of precipitation processes (solids or liquids) requires the presence of water droplets and precipitation kernels in appropriate size and sufficient quantities per unit volume. The nuclei spray method, evaluation of fog dispersion operations at airports, roads, sports fields, etc are also utilized. In general, the technology of fertilizing clouds has been considered by the researchers in the field of climate modification in three main categories, including: 1 . Limited and temporary control of precipitation 2 . Fog dispersion 3 . Hail prevention Due to diversity of climatic conditions in different regions and also geographical and topographical characteristics of each region, a method with a unique fertilizer can not be introduced for all geographical areas and climatic conditions.
Mohammad Reza Servati; Mohammad Reza Yusefi Roshan
Volume 21, Issue 83 , November 2012, , Pages 16-35
Abstract
Movements of sand and small particles (dust) because of wind occur in many different environments, but the phenomenon is much more powerful in arid areas and cover larger areas. The phenomenon is one of the most important issues arid areas face. In order to preserve buildings, agricultural lands, pipe ...
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Movements of sand and small particles (dust) because of wind occur in many different environments, but the phenomenon is much more powerful in arid areas and cover larger areas. The phenomenon is one of the most important issues arid areas face. In order to preserve buildings, agricultural lands, pipe lines and transport networks from sandstorms and from being buried in dust and sand, it seems necessary to create and develop monitoring tools and confront this natural phenomenon. Urban areas in arid lands can block movements of sand and dust suspended in wind. In arid lands and deserts population is centralized around ground water resources. Cultivated lands are limited which results in more pressure on the earth due to centralization and population being attracted to settlements. Thus, desert ecosystem near urban areas faces more damages, plant life faces destruction and soil structure will be damaged. Movements of sand and small soil particles increase and wind-related problems and issues display in a larger scale. In this regard, factors creating problem of sand and small soil particles depend on desertification factors which have gained attentions in recent years (A. J. Pilor and Honey, 1976; United Nation, 1977).
To decrease disagreeable results of sand and small soil particles movements, we need to gain enough information regarding the natural characteristics of such movements and identify factors accelerating this process, while trying to decrease the quality and quantity of these natural events. Therefore, the present article aims to identify natural characteristics, intensity, dispersion and movement of sand and small soil particles in arid areas and problems caused by wind processes. Then, the study seeks to create a new model to identify and observe sand and small soil particles movements. Furthermore, it tries to find a way to evaluate sand and small soil particles movements and dangers cause by wind erosion, and also a way to measure these movements precisely and bring them under control.
Hassan Afrakhteh; Asghar Abdoli
Volume 19, Issue 76 , February 2011, , Pages 16-21
Abstract
Nowadays, the complications of fast, unrestricted and unplanned urbanization and lack of proper management in some cities have reached a level that it has basically made urbanization an undesirable phenomenon with a negative value. The tendency towards more concentration and polarization in the upper ...
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Nowadays, the complications of fast, unrestricted and unplanned urbanization and lack of proper management in some cities have reached a level that it has basically made urbanization an undesirable phenomenon with a negative value. The tendency towards more concentration and polarization in the upper levels of the urban community and the distance between the high levels and the low, the tendency towards thoughtless growth in terms of disparity between the scale and performance of cities and ... are among the factors that cause the increasing decline in the efficiency of urban per capita income , speculative activity, dominance of unofficial sector on the official, and the growth of social-cultural crises, and as a result, the sources and factors of production have swallowed their own region and create their own further growth. In this regard, the old texture of the city of Khorramabad, despite its potential historical, economic, social and cultural capabilities, suffers from these problems. The composition of the population, the cultural differences of the inhabitants, and legal problems that are the outcome of the lack of proper and principled policy-making are among the characteristics of this texture. The low value of land and buildings, the lack of social and psychological security, the dominance of low income jobs and the presence of significant poverty in the old texture of the city compared to the new are also among the characteristics of these types of textures. The main objective of this study is to identify the physical-functional structure and the issues and problems of the old texture of Khorramabad city. The results of the research show that the absence of suitable executive plans, lack of urban unit management, issues and legal problems related to property ownership, economic and cultural poverty, old and weary buildings and their lack of renovation, and ... are among the main problems of this texture. In this paper, we have studied physical-spatial and functional problems of the central part of Khorramabad using secondary, descriptive and analytical research methods along with field study.
Mahdi Mo'meni
Volume 19, Issue 75 , November 2010, , Pages 16-21
Abstract
Over the larger part of the planet, the landscape that is now exposed is mainly an artifact of human thought and creation. The impact of man in the natural environment has day-by-day and evidently changed the geographical spheres. The cumulative effect of human population over time, especially through ...
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Over the larger part of the planet, the landscape that is now exposed is mainly an artifact of human thought and creation. The impact of man in the natural environment has day-by-day and evidently changed the geographical spheres. The cumulative effect of human population over time, especially through the use of technology over the final decades of the twentieth century, has made these changes very rapid. The relationship between man and the natural environment has been the subject of long discussions in the field of geography in the last century, and distinct environmentalist schools have developed. At the beginning of the 21st century, one of the missions of geography is to reveal and highlight the problems caused by these changes. Like other living beings, human is a part of the environment and needs air, water, soil and other creatures. Due to the interdependence of the components of the planet, any change in each of the components will endanger the entire system. Environmental problems are now widespread. This article is based on the hypothesis that human beings have artificially transformed the natural system through interference and imposing changes on the natural environment. This research deals with the analysis of environmental changes that has occurred in Iran through human interference in recent decades using descriptive and inferential methods as well as secondary methods. Changes in forests and rangelands, desertification and the spread of deserts and changes in valuable plant species, along with the penetration of some non-indigenous species have caused the degradation of sensitive ecosystems. The importance of education and promotion of appropriate social responses to environmental changes, and the role that people can play in preserving, revitalizing, developing and exploiting natural resources, are the courses of action that are discussed in this paper.
Mohammad Hossein Ramesht; Leila Gorjii; Mojgan Entezari
Volume 18, Issue 70 , August 2009, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
For more than half a century, soil erosion prediction and modeling technology has been used as a valuable tool in protective design, engineering plans and research development. This technology includes mathematical equations that calculate estimates of the dependent variables of erosion (soil losses, ...
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For more than half a century, soil erosion prediction and modeling technology has been used as a valuable tool in protective design, engineering plans and research development. This technology includes mathematical equations that calculate estimates of the dependent variables of erosion (soil losses, production and sediment) as a function of independent variables (four main factors: climate, soil, topography, and type of use). The parameters in these equations include exponential powers and coefficients that determine or modify the values of the independent variables as part of mathematical calculations, some of which are empirical values prepared according to basic data, while others have physical definitions associated with erosion processes. Mathematical symbols and logical sequence are among other features of mathematical models. In general, erosion mathematical models include regression-derived models, characteristic models, and process models. In addition to empirical methods, several mathematical models are presented concerning erosion, in all of which mass conservation law or the continuity equation are used as the controlling equation. These models include the dynamic and static models, the weep model, GULTEM and EGEM model, each of which is related to a particular type of gully and is applicable in certain conditions. Undoubtedly, the models introduced in this paper can not be considered as comprehensive models without any probable defects. Therefore, it is suggested that according to the climatic, geological, geomorphological, and ... characteristics, a suitable model be determined for assessing the rate of gully erosion in each region.
Bahram Azadbakht (Translator)
Volume 15, Issue 57 , May 2006, , Pages 16-18
Abstract
Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with ...
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Digital models of the Earth and satellite information through structural analysis of the Earth lead us to a new understanding of the relationship between volcano and the science of formation of the earth. A DTM was presented from the Mount Erciyes (3917m high), which is on the scale of 10 meters with transverse and longitudinal sections and with an area of about 3800 km2. The ETM satellite data is used to identify the morphological characteristics of the Erciyes mountain range. These observations and analyses are capable of analyzing, measuring and monitoring the behavior of the Earth's layers using the DTM satellite data. To make use of both RST and DTM simultaneously provides a new perspective for understanding the morphological characteristics of mountains and volcanoes in the Earth sciences. A 3D image of Mount Erciyes not only played a role in identifying its volcanic formation characteristics, but also in determining the location of the volcanic behavior. Several maps were provided using DTM at different slope levels. The morphological characteristics of the Erciyes volcano mountain include glacial masses and linear land marks, which are discussed separately in this paper using both RES and DTM methods.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 16-19
Abstract
Absolute positioning is the use of a unique GPS receiver. In the instantaneous measurement and processing of GPS data, accuracy of positioning of points is limited by errors such as those of satellite orbit, the deliberate S.A noise, effects of propagation of carrier waves in the receiver's environment ...
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Absolute positioning is the use of a unique GPS receiver. In the instantaneous measurement and processing of GPS data, accuracy of positioning of points is limited by errors such as those of satellite orbit, the deliberate S.A noise, effects of propagation of carrier waves in the receiver's environment and errors due to the reflection of waves from convex and polished surfaces. Usually in such situations the accuracy of absolute positioning in the direction of horizontal components is about 100 meters (at the confidence level of 95% errors) and in the altitude component about 156 meters. Major errors are mostly due to satellite orbits or deliberate S.A. noise. S.A. is a method by which the satellite control stations intentionally transmit an orbital error of about 100 meters to satellites, which limits the desirable accuracy of access for GPS users when determining absolute and instantaneous position using the technology mentioned above.
To solve this problem, we need to have accurate orbital parameters as well as corrections for the satellite clock (time). Only a certain number of government agencies have access to such parameters, so we can have access to satellite clock’s corrections (for implementation of accurate interpolation calculations) for just a short time. Due to rapid changes in satellite clock’s error owing to the implementation of S.A., we always need to know the corrections related to constant positioning. The Geodetic Mapping Unit of the Canadian National Resources Agency is one of the first governmental organizations that produces such information according to a general principle.
In order to gain a good level of accuracy by utilizing constant positioning information, in November 1993 the first experimental trip of a marine vessel without a coastal navigator was conducted with the aim of examining GPS positioning. The results of this experiment are summarized below.
Sohrab Asgari; Farzaneh Sadeghi; Zahra Khanmohammadi
Volume 23, Issue 89 , May 2014, , Pages 17-25
Abstract
The Persian Gulf consists of 8 coastal countries and a water body of 240000 km. Coastal countries do not have the same access to this body of water which has caused some problems with dangerous environmental consequences. Persian Gulf (formerly known as Persian Sea) has specific natural and environmental ...
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The Persian Gulf consists of 8 coastal countries and a water body of 240000 km. Coastal countries do not have the same access to this body of water which has caused some problems with dangerous environmental consequences. Persian Gulf (formerly known as Persian Sea) has specific natural and environmental situations and is thus very different from other seas and water bodies. Because of these differences, United Nation environment office ratified Kuwait convention, so that coastal countries act more sensitively in preserving Persian Gulf environment. In recent decades, Persian Gulf environment has faced many losses and damages due to inappropriate human activities. Because of these devastating activities, the unique ecosystem of this sea is being destroyed. The destructions are quite widespread and includes different activities. Some countries have transformed their sea coasts and thus increased environmental devastation of the sea. The present article has endeavor to investigate Persian Gulf’s natural and environmental situation, while reviewing its position in the United Nation convention on Law of the Sea (1982) analytically and scientifically. It also mentions the coastal countries responsibilities in maintaining this sea.
Mas'oud Taghvaei; Ali Zangi Abadi; Seyyed Hassan Nourbakhsh
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 17-25
Abstract
The study of urban development and recognizing the cities’ weaknesses and strengths, potentials and shortcomings provide a suitable basis for providing strategies and applying appropriate urban development plans, as well as establishing a balanced urban network system. The separate study of the ...
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The study of urban development and recognizing the cities’ weaknesses and strengths, potentials and shortcomings provide a suitable basis for providing strategies and applying appropriate urban development plans, as well as establishing a balanced urban network system. The separate study of the development of each urban settlement on regional scale (province) is not possible due to the diversity of their characteristics and, if done, the results would not be desirable. Therefore, it is possible to categorize urban points according to their developmental level by accessing certain amount of information about urban development and then classifying these points in different ways. Various methods exist in this regard, such as taxonomic analysis (1), Guttman scalogram (2), factor analysis (3), cluster analysis (4), and so on. In this paper, 25 normalized urban development indexes are selected, and using factor analysis method which is one of the most complex and at the same time one of the best methods of classification, the considered indexes and their reduction were analyzed through several more meaningful factors. Then, based on the obtained results (factor scores) and using the cluster analysis method, the classification of the cities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in terms of the level of development into homogeneous and similar groups has been carried out.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 48 , February 2003, , Pages 17-19
Abstract
The bombing experts who have a very different view of urban warfare than conventional street warfare experts and experts of special force operations, support two major options or a combination of them. Option (B) is a precise bombardment of selective targets that will degrade enemy’s capabilities ...
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The bombing experts who have a very different view of urban warfare than conventional street warfare experts and experts of special force operations, support two major options or a combination of them. Option (B) is a precise bombardment of selective targets that will degrade enemy’s capabilities and military potentials through destruction. Option (A) emphasizes the conventional regional bombardment designed to undermine the enemy's will deliberately.
Mohammadreza Yari
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
“Over Determined” models are solved using the LSM method known as the Adjustment problem. One of the most efficient applications of Adjustment in statistical analysis of the problem of positioning is the presentation of coordinates and precision of a point in the form of ...
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“Over Determined” models are solved using the LSM method known as the Adjustment problem. One of the most efficient applications of Adjustment in statistical analysis of the problem of positioning is the presentation of coordinates and precision of a point in the form of Interval estimation, Point esti.
Determining the position of moving points is of great importance in many respects, especially strategic, economic, etc. The issue also has a historical background. The problem of determining the position of ships using simple tools such as a solar sextant and solving the Determined model in a mechanical-computational way using a hydrographic protractor and its drawing samples of it. Fixed points are not of special trouble in solving the Adjustment problem, but it is very important for moving points.
Esfandiar Bandarian
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 1993, , Pages 17-26
Abstract
About the situation and extent of Baluchistan and Sistan, the following divisions have been mentioned in different sources.
The Baluchistan area is located in southeastern Iran, and its extent has been greater in the past than today. The Great Baluchistan includes the Baluchistan areas of both Iran ...
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About the situation and extent of Baluchistan and Sistan, the following divisions have been mentioned in different sources.
The Baluchistan area is located in southeastern Iran, and its extent has been greater in the past than today. The Great Baluchistan includes the Baluchistan areas of both Iran and Pakistan. In the reports on the study of the underground water resources of Sistan and Baluchestan, the area of the province is mentioned as about 180 thousand square kilometers, of which 30 thousand square kilometers is the Sistan area, and another 150 thousand square kilometers is the Baluchistan section.
Mohammad Hasan Ganji
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 1992, , Pages 17-23
Abstract
Geographers consider their science to be the Mother of Sciences, and they always claim that geography, as recognition of environment, is one of the oldest sciences that mankind has known from the very first days that they existed due to necessities. Many geographers today believe that new geography has ...
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Geographers consider their science to be the Mother of Sciences, and they always claim that geography, as recognition of environment, is one of the oldest sciences that mankind has known from the very first days that they existed due to necessities. Many geographers today believe that new geography has emerged as a branch of modern science in the century that began in 1750 and ended in 1850. They believe that the emergence and development of a new geography was realized thanks to the efforts of two German scientists, Alexander Humboldt and Carl Reiter. Both lived in the first half of the nineteenth century, simultaneously and in the same city.
Hosseyn Hataminejad; Amin Faraji
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
Urban environment has always been considered a context influenced by different economic-political processes, and a place for the emergence of phenomena like injustice, lack of healthcare, unemployment, class difference, etc. rooted in economic policies. In other words, human environment somehow represent ...
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Urban environment has always been considered a context influenced by different economic-political processes, and a place for the emergence of phenomena like injustice, lack of healthcare, unemployment, class difference, etc. rooted in economic policies. In other words, human environment somehow represent the dominant idea of that society. In the background, dominant ideology guide these changes. Regarding the significant influences of these opinions on urban environment, it is necessary to investigate them. The present study explores the influence of neoliberalism policy on the urban environment focusing on cities in the United Kingdom. Neoliberalism emerged in 1970s and 1980s as a leading policy. This idea was born by the capitalistic world. Here, the concept of globalization is a context for this idea. What is known as neoliberalism first began in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The present study seeks to investigate the influence of this ideology on British urban space. The research method used is descriptive-analytic.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 18-25
Abstract
The data center contains the most valuable spatial information and for some datacenters, such as the National Institute of Geography IGN of France), or the Ordance Survey (OS of England), or the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S., its price is estimated to be between $4 Up to $ 12 billion. ...
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The data center contains the most valuable spatial information and for some datacenters, such as the National Institute of Geography IGN of France), or the Ordance Survey (OS of England), or the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S., its price is estimated to be between $4 Up to $ 12 billion. Therefore, with the importance of the information available at these data centers, undoubtedly these sites will be one of the most important targets of the hackers. According to the announcement of the NSA, computer networks and data centers are hacked about twenty thousand times every year. It's worth noting that the NIMA site alone was attacked thirty three times in 2007, with four times the hackers succeeding to steal some of the location information they wanted. In today's society, the Internet, computer, data center, data storage and computer networks play a vital role in all affairs and aspects of human life, especially in defense, military, political, social, economic, cultural and .... In addition to the positive and extensive features and dominance of virtual space over the objective space in most areas, there are also serious threats that target the pillars and bases of organizations in many fields. Experts working in this area believe that the more our society is going to use computers, the more the threat level increases. Meanwhile, datacenters and data storages, whose information is of high value both materially and mentally, is being stolen through computer brigands and hackers.
Mohammad Ali Rajabi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 18-23
Abstract
In recent years, various methods of stationary and mobile surveying or Global Positioning System (G.P.S) have been developed and utilized. The purpose of GPS-based surveying is to determine relative positions with high precision based on the observations of the GPS carrier wave phase complemented by ...
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In recent years, various methods of stationary and mobile surveying or Global Positioning System (G.P.S) have been developed and utilized. The purpose of GPS-based surveying is to determine relative positions with high precision based on the observations of the GPS carrier wave phase complemented by consideration of resolution of the carrier wave phase ambiguity. Unfortunately, not only is the difference between various methods invented for most of our surveying cases unclear, but the way in which they are applied was, and is, shadowed by ambiguity as well, and, what’s more, in Iran they have either not been used at all or used only at the academic level. In addition, the application of similar names for different methods has been a cause of the confusion of most of users. This paper intends to describe the differences between various stationary and mobile surveying methods and to clarify their distinctive qualities.
Hossein Hataminejad; Ruhollah Mohammadi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
The school of criminal geography came into existence in 1830 and lasted for a few decades, but today it is nowadays not as significant in criminal sociology as before. The criminal geography was founded by the Belgian mathematician Quetelet and French jurist Guerry. Quetelet was mathematician and an ...
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The school of criminal geography came into existence in 1830 and lasted for a few decades, but today it is nowadays not as significant in criminal sociology as before. The criminal geography was founded by the Belgian mathematician Quetelet and French jurist Guerry. Quetelet was mathematician and an expert in statistics and analyzed human behavior through mathematics and statistics, and founded criminal statistics in France by the help of Guerry. They examined its connection with natural environment and so, studied the effect of climatic conditions on the behavior of human beings, including criminal acts. This school was existent as late as 1830.
Seyyed Mohammad Hadi Ayyazi
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
In this article, we will look at the new American warfare policies that daily affect the world people’s plans for their lives. Dick Cheney, the current Vice President of the United States, who leads the White House’s war-mongering policies, has introduced a new hegemony called "the soft law". ...
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In this article, we will look at the new American warfare policies that daily affect the world people’s plans for their lives. Dick Cheney, the current Vice President of the United States, who leads the White House’s war-mongering policies, has introduced a new hegemony called "the soft law". Meanwhile, human societies do not feel good about this term today. It is more tangible when it can be seen that bright human attractions are buried in the dark underground trenches and are referred to in fake terms such as "soft norms". Of course, most studies and commentaries on the September 11 terrorist attacks focus on how this event happened and how everything changed at once. From another point of view, after the occurrence of this event, a new era of historical relations and rules was born, especially in post-modern geopolitics, as the event was unfortunately recorded in human history in a precise date and in an exact hour that was a landmark and very meaningful in terms of its time of occurrence .
Seyyed Ebrahim Gholizadeh (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 19-23
Abstract
Human needs transform the land to different activities and the quantifiable information of these dominating activities are necessary to develop future planning. In this paper three techniques, geometrical shapes and growth concept, causal modelling concept, and category rate concept are developed which ...
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Human needs transform the land to different activities and the quantifiable information of these dominating activities are necessary to develop future planning. In this paper three techniques, geometrical shapes and growth concept, causal modelling concept, and category rate concept are developed which are used to assess built-up areas for 2001. The shapes of built-up areas for 13 places in a Tuni region of Andhrapradesh has been estimated by imagery and incorporated in order to estimate future built-up areas by the rating method. The variables which are caused by land growth are identified and used in causal modelling to estimate future built-up areas. The areas and rates of influencing variables were used as input in the Cross Classification Method.
Khosro Khajeh (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 25 , May 1998, , Pages 19-22
Abstract
This paper examines the main technological aspects of digital models of elevation points and digital orthophotos using the Russian satellite’s photos. Satellite images of (TK-350) and (TVR-1000) propose an economic attitude that makes access to such digital photos possible.
The basis of this theory ...
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This paper examines the main technological aspects of digital models of elevation points and digital orthophotos using the Russian satellite’s photos. Satellite images of (TK-350) and (TVR-1000) propose an economic attitude that makes access to such digital photos possible.
The basis of this theory is that common photogrammetric processing of images is carried out based on navigational data. In this way, there is no longer any need for ground control points, and (TK-350) small-scale images are used as the metric basis for creating (DEM), and also the (TVR-1000) large-scale images contain thematic information for access to ground reference and have been designed for ortho production, and in this way the characteristics of precision of digital products are determined.
In recent years, Russia has vastly introduced the (TK-350) and (TVR-1000) satellite images into global markets. The unique characteristics of these images have distinguished them in global arena due to economic advantages in preparation of maps of vast areas. These two images make production of earth’s digital maps with a precision comparable to 1:50000 maps and large-scale topographic maps possible.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 19 , November 1996, , Pages 19-24
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted. There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues. Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Mahdi Modiri
Volume 5, Issue 18 , August 1996, , Pages 19-27
Abstract
Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, ...
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Remote sensing is a science that provides valuable information on objects and land features by measuring distances from afar and without physical contact. In remote sensing, information can be obtained by measuring and recording the reflections of electromagnetic waves of atmosphere and ground level, which are received by sensors installed on satellites, and after their analysis, the necessary information is extracted.
There are three major factors of reflection, absorption and passage in the collision of electromagnetic waves with any phenomenon, each of which depends on the wavelength of radiated energy and physical and chemical properties of the phenomenon, and the energy reflection from any phenomenon on the Earth is a function of wavelength, molecular and intracellular properties of the phenomenon and other physical characteristics of the objects under measurement. The satellite data originally contains various geometric and radiometric errors that are affected by satellite, sensor and atmospheric conditions, as well as errors in recording, transmission of information and other related issues.
Satellite data become valuable and useful after making geometric and radiometric corrections. By performing geometric corrections, satellite information is readily to for analysis and utilization.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 20, Issue 79 , November 2011, , Pages 20-24
Abstract
The restriction of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the essential issues concerning space technology and space activities ...
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The restriction of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the essential issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine the specialty fields of remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the main topics discussed in this paper.
Ahmad Taghdisi; Hossein Ali Kazemi
Volume 19, Issue 74 , August 2010, , Pages 20-23
Abstract
Tourism is an industry which currently has a large share of the world's economic activities. In addition to earnings, the industry is a job-creating industry that will provide around forty-three percent of the world's employment in 2010, and in ten years will provide around 220 million job opportunities ...
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Tourism is an industry which currently has a large share of the world's economic activities. In addition to earnings, the industry is a job-creating industry that will provide around forty-three percent of the world's employment in 2010, and in ten years will provide around 220 million job opportunities for different countries.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 17, Issue 65 , May 2008, , Pages 20-22
Abstract
One of the most important inventions of humanity in the 20th century is the satellite, which is the fruit of many years of great efforts and the culmination of the technological advancement of mankind. With the development of satellites set in the orbit of the earth, it became possible to conduct high-altitude ...
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One of the most important inventions of humanity in the 20th century is the satellite, which is the fruit of many years of great efforts and the culmination of the technological advancement of mankind. With the development of satellites set in the orbit of the earth, it became possible to conduct high-altitude imagery, independent of political boundaries. The development of electronic systems for the production of images and other imaging techniques, such as radar and infrared images, have caused many changes in remote sensing. Today, satellites provide experts with a wealth of various information about the planet. Today's age is called the Space Age, because spatial information is an integral part of today's life. Now the Space Contest is entering a new stage in order to gain information supremacy, and almost all countries that have enjoyed the taste of utilization of ultra-atmospheric space have been encouraged to build satellites with less expensive capabilities, and countries that do not benefit from this blessing have also made the achievement of this complex human-made phenomenon a priority.
