Hosein Asakareh
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 12-15
Abstract
Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate ...
Read More
Although the best method of studying environment is utilization of evidences available in environment itself, exploitation of historical documents and application of different theories and their combination can provide us with useful results about past environments.Using the above method, the approximate age of the Shadegan Delta was determined and it became known that sedimentation and development of the Shadegan Delta began simultaneously with glacial periods in the Pleistocene. This delta did not exist until four thousand years ago and its emergence occurred after that date.
Fatemeh Razi'ee (Translator)
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 12-21
Abstract
This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban ...
Read More
This paper presents the role of GIS in urban planning and its applications at the San Diego Association of Governments. SANDAG is an example where planning strategies are based on short and long term information. Therefore, the principles that characterize it are compatible with the state of many urban environments. The primary use of GIS is in modeling. Four illustrative examples indicate the application of GIS in locating for development, scheduling unexpected events, determining the location of fire stations, crime control, and providing documentation.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 12-14
Abstract
The dual elevation system has been used in distribution of the North American Datum (NAD-83), with few people around the world aware of this, if they have previously heard about it at all. The application of this topic here is in fact as a kind of reminder, because there are many geodetic issues that ...
Read More
The dual elevation system has been used in distribution of the North American Datum (NAD-83), with few people around the world aware of this, if they have previously heard about it at all. The application of this topic here is in fact as a kind of reminder, because there are many geodetic issues that are easier to access than this issue. This paper tries to state what this matter is, and why we do need to use it.
Note: "The Canadian part of the Datum (NAD-83), which in some cases has been considered as different from the rest of the Datum parts, is not part of this discussion."
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 3, Issue 11 , November 1994, , Pages 12-19
Abstract
Considering the advancements in GPS technology and applications of this important tool in the world, having a knowledge of the different ways of positioning by this system seems essential. The high precision of this system and its universality are reasons for utilization of this system in all surveying, ...
Read More
Considering the advancements in GPS technology and applications of this important tool in the world, having a knowledge of the different ways of positioning by this system seems essential. The high precision of this system and its universality are reasons for utilization of this system in all surveying, geodetic, hydrographic, imagery (photo) and other works. As an introduction, we will first review the GPS and N.N.S.S positioning systems, and then discuss the mathematical equations and observations of the GPS system in full.
Generally, space-based positioning was begun by NASA since 1960's using the Doppler system. However, it’s time-consuming process and lack of precision caused the US Department of Defense (DOD) in 1974 to declare its need for a comprehensive and global positioning system for its military purposes. This led to the creation of GPS (Global Positioning System), and in 1983, the launch of the first GPS satellite was an effective step in the history of surveying. With the rise of the GPS system all previous systems, including ballistic cameras, Doppler (N.N.S.S.), the LONG-C, OMEGA and SECOR gradually disappeared.
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2018, , Pages 12-19
Abstract
In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through ...
Read More
In the course of the centuries and millennia of history, human has always sought to discover the mysteries of nature and unknown regions through scientific travels to different parts of the world, and today the scope of such scientific research has become so developed that human beings, through space travels, seek to discover the secrets of the universe and conquer the space, and, it is to say that on the way to this end, the thoughtful man has acted bravely and avoided no effort.
Mohammad Purkamaal
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 1990, , Pages 12-14
Abstract
On the 11th anniversary of the 1979 Revolution (Feb. 11, 1990), a map of the Islamic world in the size (70 * 100 centimeters), which represents the percentage of Muslim population in each of the countries of the world, has been published with interesting and exceptional quality and characteristics. The ...
Read More
On the 11th anniversary of the 1979 Revolution (Feb. 11, 1990), a map of the Islamic world in the size (70 * 100 centimeters), which represents the percentage of Muslim population in each of the countries of the world, has been published with interesting and exceptional quality and characteristics. The honor of presenting this service was granted by the great and merciful God to the "Geographical Organization” and the “Ministry of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces". The importance and reliability of such thematic maps are not only in the degree of accuracy and integrity of the information presented in them, accompanied by the high quality and elegance of the cartographic technical work embedded in each map, but also in the fact that It is possible that maps of this type alone replace the contents of several volumes of books. There has been no talk about this map and what has been done to prepare it and what features are involved in this work yet, so we asked Professor Mohammadpour Kamal, who has been responsible for the compilation and technical supervision of the project, to introduce the map and its features, along with the efforts and the stages of the work, which he, with all the greatness of the work, has written this writing with all possible modesty due to his decisive role in it. The printing of this map proves that the Holy Land of Iran, in the light of the blessings of Islam, is the place of great efforts and praise-worthy services. Sepehr deems it necessary to thank all those involved in this great "Islamic-technical" service, especially Professor Pourkamal. Other people mentioned in this article also deserve to be commended and thanked.
Hossein Asakareh; Saeedeh Ashrafi
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
Climatic phenomena are complex. The complexity is that the phenomenon has many causes. The interrelationships between climatic elements and factors have led to the application of statistical methods, including multivariate statistical methods in climatic studies. One of these applications is to study ...
Read More
Climatic phenomena are complex. The complexity is that the phenomenon has many causes. The interrelationships between climatic elements and factors have led to the application of statistical methods, including multivariate statistical methods in climatic studies. One of these applications is to study and predict the relationship between climatic elements and factors. Application of statistical methods facilitates these studies. In this study, the relationship between the annual relative humidity and annual temperature with the number of annual days of precipitation of Zanjan station during the statistical period of 1956-2005 have been investigated. For this purpose, Pearson correlation methods have been used. Correlation means the covariance of two variables. The results show that the correlation coefficients of the variables are significant. furthermore, simple linear regression is used to estimate the number of annual days of precipitation with respect to annual relative humidity. Two-variable regression will be used to estimate the number of annual days of precipitation with respect to annual relative humidity and annual temperature.
Alirerza Sofianian; Samereh Falahatkar
Volume 17, Issue 68 , February 2008, , Pages 13-18
Abstract
Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in identifying and analyzing land use change. Satellite remote sensing provides multi-time and multi-spectral data that can be used to quantify the type and amount and position of land use change. Furthermore, the GIS also provides a flexible environment for displaying, ...
Read More
Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in identifying and analyzing land use change. Satellite remote sensing provides multi-time and multi-spectral data that can be used to quantify the type and amount and position of land use change. Furthermore, the GIS also provides a flexible environment for displaying, storing and analyzing the digital data needed to detect changes. Since environmental changes are important in order to give a general impression of the region's environment and build credible hypotheses based on sustainable development, detecting these changes is an important process in the monitoring and management of natural resources and urban development. Detection of changes is also considered as a part of modern science due to dependence on remote sensing sciences and GIS. With the rapid growth of cities in recent years, the recognition of their biophysical compounds and their dynamism is of particular importance and is considered as an important research topic. The operations that are carried out in the course of digital analysis and interpretation of satellite data and with the aim of identifying and distinguishing ground phenomena can be summarized in three stages of initial surveys and information preparation, classification of information and finalized reviews and processing. Geometric correction of images and their classification based on existing methods and algorithms, and the accuracy of production maps, and finally comparing the maps at different times are among the stages of detecting changes. In the present study, we try to describe the steps briefly.
Iran Ghazi; Rahim Salimi Jazi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 13-20
Abstract
In the last four decades, almost all of the Qanats of Borkhar in northern Isfahan have dried up. Agriculture-oriented surface water wells are converted into semi-deep and deep wells. Currently, due to the water deficit of these wells, the agricultural water supply of this plain is confronting a crisis. ...
Read More
In the last four decades, almost all of the Qanats of Borkhar in northern Isfahan have dried up. Agriculture-oriented surface water wells are converted into semi-deep and deep wells. Currently, due to the water deficit of these wells, the agricultural water supply of this plain is confronting a crisis. The type of agricultural water resource management in Borkhar has affected its development. Lack of water resources and absence of proper management of these resources have, along with other factors, changed the use of agricultural lands. This paper has utilized national and international scientific documents and reports, field study, interviews and results of questionnaires. The results of research and data analysis show that due to water deficit and lack of proper management of water resources in the production, transportation, distribution and consumption processes, agriculture in Borkhar has become unstable and is heading for destruction. Close cooperation is needed between the local people and the Water Organization regarding problems of water resource management. Land use changes in the future must also be carried out by study and research and a specific plan, and combination of traditional and modern techniques must be utilized in Borkhar.
Ramin Kiamehr
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 13-15
Abstract
Determining the difference between the elevations of points by geometric leveling method using leveling cameras is one of the most commonly used methods for implementation of developmental projects in the country. Implementation of projects such as preparation of longitudinal profiles of rivers, roads, ...
Read More
Determining the difference between the elevations of points by geometric leveling method using leveling cameras is one of the most commonly used methods for implementation of developmental projects in the country. Implementation of projects such as preparation of longitudinal profiles of rivers, roads, power transmission lines, etc. requires leveling. In addition, this method is used in the implementation of nation-wide leveling networks and creation of base points (ground control) for converting aerial and satellite images into maps. Despite the extreme accuracy of the traditional leveling method, implementation of this method is time-consuming and costly, and so far no alternative has been considered by surveyors as feasible. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative accuracy of the GPS-based leveling method using the available Iranian Gravitational Geoid file in different parts of the country. The results of the research confirm the possibility of using this method to achieve the accuracy of normal leveling (of third degree) in most regions of the country.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 13-15
Abstract
Military geography is a science which is considered as one of the branches of geography according to one of the comprehensive definitions of this science. It examines the impact of natural and cultural environment on military / political attitudes, plans and all types of combat and support operations ...
Read More
Military geography is a science which is considered as one of the branches of geography according to one of the comprehensive definitions of this science. It examines the impact of natural and cultural environment on military / political attitudes, plans and all types of combat and support operations on the world, regional and local scales.Spatial relationships are undoubtedly among the most important geographic elements and factors. The position, size and shape of land, along with the location of the water that is on the military activities' path, form the basis on which all land features are positioned. Dry lands of the earth include three major parts that are militarily important, namely the highest, the widest, and the deepest lands, each of which has its own unique conditions and includes distinctions and special methods.
Khosrow Khajeh
Volume 10, Issue 39 , November 2001, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
Since the developments of geomatic sciences proceed rapidly and provision of higher education related to this discipline in academic environments does not enjoy the necessary coherence and coordination, instructors and professors have to search for new ways of providing academic courses. The Internet ...
Read More
Since the developments of geomatic sciences proceed rapidly and provision of higher education related to this discipline in academic environments does not enjoy the necessary coherence and coordination, instructors and professors have to search for new ways of providing academic courses. The Internet provides great potential for distance education.The Old Dominion University, located in Virginia, USA, is one of the few universities that have adopted distance education technologies as the main method of presenting courses.New types of university courses’ presentation that use the Internet technology are quickly brought on the network. (This article, while expressing the Old Dominion’s experience of adopting the new method in education, identifies the problems encountered during implementation of this experiment.)Distance education is a process in which the instructor is separated from students in terms of location and time, or students are separated from one another.The implementation of computer and electronic technology has influenced current practices in such a way that the professor and student can interact and communicate either immediately or with a delay whenever necessary.
Hassan Lashkari; Zahra Hojjati
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 14-21
Abstract
In order to investigate synoptic-dynamic situations which results in thunder storms in South Western parts of the country, data were exploited from 16 synoptic stations in South West of Iran during a 10 year statistical period (1996-2005). Fitting the precipitation data, six types of severe storms were ...
Read More
In order to investigate synoptic-dynamic situations which results in thunder storms in South Western parts of the country, data were exploited from 16 synoptic stations in South West of Iran during a 10 year statistical period (1996-2005). Fitting the precipitation data, six types of severe storms were identified. Exploring the exploited systems, two general patterns were identified for thunder storms with severe precipitation. The first pattern follows integrated systems pattern, so a ridge from North West Africa to Scandinavia causes cold weather falling on the Mediterranean Sea and deepens the Mediterranean trough, which in turn strengthen the East Mediterranean low altitude center. Continuous cold weather falling on this cyclone center increase pressure gradient in east Mediterranean area and makes penetration of 500 hecto Pascal trough toward middle Red Sea possible. Increased temperature gradient over North Africa and the Red Sea strengthen Sudanese system and while moving toward North of this system integrates with low pressure Mediterranean system and results in unsustainability in West and South West Iran. The Second pattern is a low pressure Sudanese one. Low pressure Scandinavian system result in cold weather of pole neighboring latitudes falling into lower latitudes. Azore anticyclone which is formed over North Africa transfers cold weather to North Africa, aggravates unsustainability, strengthen Sudanese system and creates a weather front. Thunder storms require access to hot and humid weather which is injected into the area due to the proximity of Southern seas.
Yeganeh Sepasi; Afshin Danekar
Volume 18, Issue 72 , February 2010, , Pages 14-20
Abstract
The islands, as special structures formed by various geological reasons, are of significant importance. Geological factors cause the islands to be of different types (including continental, oceanic, and coral). On the other hand, owing to the isolation of the island's environment, many aspects of life ...
Read More
The islands, as special structures formed by various geological reasons, are of significant importance. Geological factors cause the islands to be of different types (including continental, oceanic, and coral). On the other hand, owing to the isolation of the island's environment, many aspects of life on the islands are unique, which makes living in the islands different from life on the continents in various ways. Issues such as isolation, access, vulnerability and biogeographic theories of islands are considered to be among exclusive features of the islands. Furthermore, due to the particular characteristics of the islands, development in them should be carried out with special considerations in order not to damage their fragile ecosystem.
Iran Ghazi; Hosein Zare'an; Alireza Ma'manpoush
Volume 14, Issue 53 , May 2005, , Pages 14-21
Abstract
The lands on the right side of the Nekooabad Diversion Dam are located at a place near the upstream part of the Zayandeh Rud river’ basin, and due to this position it is at first thought that in principle it should not face any shortage of water, and water distribution management seems to be a ...
Read More
The lands on the right side of the Nekooabad Diversion Dam are located at a place near the upstream part of the Zayandeh Rud river’ basin, and due to this position it is at first thought that in principle it should not face any shortage of water, and water distribution management seems to be a simple matter. However, with any change in the amount of available water, including occurrence of drought, the effectiveness of implemented management and planning is challenged.The most important water resources used in the area concerned are surface waters (water of the Zayandeh Rud river through canal) and underground waters (surface, half-deep and deep wells).
Hamid Malmirian (Translator)
Volume 12, Issue 46 , August 2003, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly ...
Read More
Different land characteristics are important for soil scientists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, urban and regional planners, architects, urban land developers and others who are interested in assessing land suitability for different applications.Since land conditions and features significantly affect land suitability to help grow different types of plant species, understanding aerial photo interpretation is of importance for land evaluation as well as for botanists, forestologists, specialists and others who are involved in the preparation of vegetation maps and assessments.The main characteristics of land features that can be estimated by aerial photo interpretation are a variety of rocky substrates, landforms, soil texture, site’s drainage conditions, flood harnessing capability and depth of fluid (non-firm) materials on rocky substrates.
In addition, the slope of the land’s surface can be estimated by interpreting aerial photos and measurement using photogrammetric methods.In the following chapter, we will examine land characteristics and identification of the most common types of bedrocks and remaining sedimentary as well as displaced soils and organic soils through aerial photos. The aerial photo interpretation process described here highlights the terrain features that are visible on stereo aerial photographs.
Atusa Bigdeli
Volume 9, Issue 36 , February 2000, , Pages 14-22
Abstract
Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more ...
Read More
Applied climatology has greatly participated in the implementation of scientific, economic and industrial projects in recent years through employing climate data. Climatic effects of the environment are also very important in medical fields. However, geographic aspects of climatology have become more commonly used, and development of applied climatology has a fundamentally geographical background.In this study, the relationship between climatic factors and pollution and the number of patients with myocardial infarction in Tehran during the 1990-94 statistical period was examined using descriptive statistical methods as well as by utilization of correlation coefficient between variables and the Student Test’s assumptions, and the following results were obtained.
Wherever there is an increase in the number of hospital patients, the level of some of the air pollution factors, especially CO, NO2, and SO2 show significant increase compared to standard values. The number of illnesses in the winter increases due to the frequency and variety of inversions, the length of nights and increased levels of contamination. The incidence of myocardial infarction depends on a variety of factors, one of which is the air pollution, as confirmed by this research.
Abbas Ali Saleh Abadi
Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2000, , Pages 14-19
Abstract
The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary ...
Read More
The Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, in line with its research in the field of surveying sciences, successfully completed the installation and running of GPS antenna on Fokker and Falcon aircrafts, the implementation of which was announced with the arrival of the twenty-first anniversary of the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution. The project was conducted with the aim of making implementation of aerial photography using satellite observations of the GPS system possible. In this research project, the experts of the Organization managed to connect the RS-10A RC-10 aerial camera to a new generation of GPS receivers that can receive waves transmitted from Glonass and GPS satellites. The project was implemented while the manufacturers of these types of cameras prevented from carrying it out, considering it impossible to realize. With the implementation of this project, a test flight with the new system was carried out over the Varamin area in Tehran, the results of which were then calculated with appropriate accuracy after processing and analysis of errors of this method. In this test flight, aerial photos taken from the area were calculated with the accuracy of 2 to 3 cm on the computational datum of Iran. This level of accuracy is very satisfying for aerial photography centers that provide photogrammetry cover maps.
However, to ensure the accuracy of the measurements and calculations, the results of aerial triangulation were tested in preparation of 1: 25000 maps, and the results of this comparison were satisfactory. Therefore, it can be argued that by performing aerial photography and triangulation along with GPS, the cost and time of the implementation of common photogrammetric projects fall to a third of their figures when practiced by old methods without causing a problem for the accuracy of cover maps in geographic terms.
Fatemeh Tarkarani; Hosein Asakareh
Volume 8, Issue 30 , August 1999, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies ...
Read More
Application of the “CN” curve is in calculation of the detention coefficient’s value. This index is necessary for estimation of the delay and concentration times of the basin as well as the height of runoff by the SCS method. Since common and traditional methods of preliminary studies are time-consuming and costly, the best methods recommended in this regard are reasoning-based methods.One of such methods for calculation of the detention coefficient and number of curve is utilization of basin’s runoff coefficient. This method was used in the Nojian basin, one of the head-branches of the Dez River in southeast of Khorramabad, Lorestan. The runoff coefficient in this basin was calculated to be 0.59, the detention coefficient 0.41 and the average CN about 19.61.Lack of direct relationship between the basin’s monthly precipitation and runoff makes exploitation of the index mentioned above for short periods impossible. Therefore, this index can be calculated monthly only in basins where precipitation is mostly liquid and also monthly precipitation justifies runoff of the same month.
Susan Mesgari (Translator); Ali Jahani (Technical Editor)
Volume 8, Issue 29 , May 1999, , Pages 14-15
Abstract
Today computer systems have found vast applications in various fields, including preparation of maps and analysis of descriptive and spatial information. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as computer systems utilizing modern software and hardware facilities, have been able to present remarkable services ...
Read More
Today computer systems have found vast applications in various fields, including preparation of maps and analysis of descriptive and spatial information. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as computer systems utilizing modern software and hardware facilities, have been able to present remarkable services in collection, analysis and display of information. In this regard, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is of greater importance as one of the most important sources of providing information for GIS. In this paper, the author has tried to raise major questions regarding the precision of collected data through GPS/GIS, and to discuss the qualities of spatial and characteristic data in different aspects.
Rahmat Mohammadzadeh
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 14-17
Abstract
While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development ...
Read More
While in the past the limited area of cities and ease of access of inhabitants to the surroundings had caused green spaces to have their manifestations mainly in activities concerning beauty and appearance of urban areas, today, owing to reasons such as population growth, physical growth of cities, development of industry and vehicles and the consequent environmental pollutions, such spaces are paid serious attention as organs of cities’ breathing. In many architectural texts, green space is considered as one of the important criteria of quality of human-made environments. Based on such belief, this article discusses topics such as scientific definition of green space, standards, patterns and regulations recommended by well-known thinkers as well as standards confirmed by the Ministry of Housing and Urbanization and various applications of green space, especially its role in physical development of cities.
It is hoped that this article will be useful for readers in line with quantitative and qualitative development of such spaces.
Zahra Ahmadipour; Ehsan Lashgari
Volume 21, Issue 81 , April 2012, , Pages 15-21
Hossein Mohammadi; Hamideh Afsharmanesh; Sadegh Barzegar
Volume 20, Issue 77 , May 2011, , Pages 15-18
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency that often leads to hospitalization. Hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal part is the most common complication of gastric ulcer (peptic ulcer) (1) with high mortality and cost. In spite of the fact that the physical, psychological and social ...
Read More
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency that often leads to hospitalization. Hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal part is the most common complication of gastric ulcer (peptic ulcer) (1) with high mortality and cost. In spite of the fact that the physical, psychological and social dimensions of health are affected by the climatic elements, there is no detailed information on the effect of these elements on the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in Kerman. Also, the pattern of seasonal fluctuations in gastrointestinal bleeding has not yet been shown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature and atmospheric pressure on the number of gastrointestinal bleeding and its seasonal fluctuations in Kerman. Information about gastrointestinal bleeding of 393 patients recorded in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman during 2006 and 2007 were studied in relation to seasonal fluctuations and climatic elements such as atmospheric pressure and temperature of the city during the two years mentioned above. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and T test.The results of the Anova test showed that the number of gastrointestinal bleeding increased in summer and decreased in winter (P = 0.012). Also, Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there was a direct statistical relation between monthly number of gastrointestinal bleeding cases and mean monthly temperature As with rise in temperature, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding also increased (P = 0.023, r = 0.46). However, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding did not show a significant relationship with the mean pressure of the atmosphere (P = 0.77, r = 0.66).According to the results of this study, the geographical situation and climatic conditions can be considered as one of the factors associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hassan Beik Mohammadi; Moslem Asadi
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 15-19
Abstract
Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this ...
Read More
Politicians and people have a great deal of hope for the development of small rural industries. These industries can play a significant and effective role in creating jobs and income for the villagers, and in more equitable distribution of income in rural areas and the like. In order to achieve this goal in the development process, it is necessary to pay attention to the establishment of these industries in rural areas. Considering the inability of agricultural sector to provide full and optimal employment of human resources, land and rangeland restriction, agricultural mechanization and small agricultural lands in rural areas (county), attention to small industries in rural areas and their improvement and progress is necessary in order to achieve rural development. The existence of capabilities, talents and favorable environmental conditions in the studied area will allow the growth and prosperity of small industries, especially the converting and complementary industries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of small industries and the need to pay attention to these industries in the studied area. Data were collected using papers, books, reports, statistics, interviews and field studies. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The results of this study indicate that job creation for villagers has not been successful, and small industries can play an important role in development and employment, given the potential of the region. Creating and expanding small industries in the region will lead to more development and employment and increase rural incomes.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 16, Issue 61 , May 2007, , Pages 15-19
Abstract
Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick ...
Read More
Prior to 1941, the Axis Powers were at height of their power. Almost all of Europe was occupied by Germany. The fate of Moscow and Stalingrad changed as a result of a small threat. Rommel (the German commander during the Second World War) was freely advancing in North Africa. The Japanese, with quick and simultaneous invasions in eight regions, achieved an astonishing position and, with this success, a new power emerged in Asia. The Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to fight against the Axis states. The American forces first entered the battle at the end of 1942 in North Africa. In the Battle of KASSRIN-PASS, the German Air Force, which was weaker than the US forces in terms of number of forces and equipment, carried out such heavy attack against them that led to their defeat. By analyzing this failure, the Americans came to the conclusion that their main mistake was lack of unity in command and control, as well as their lack of attention to multiple air forces controlled by numerous commanders, including many ground-force commanders. Command and control play very important roles in almost all societies. The advantages and disadvantages of their absence are well known. Command is assigned by commanders and applies to specific resources that usually include human resources. A person who is senior to a commander in terms of hierarchy, can monitor and control the resources that are under that commander’s authority. Therefore, control can be exercised by various organizations within an organizational hierarchical structure, depending on the task assigned to each of them, but command is only imposed by the official commander.
