Amir Saeed Homaiinejad
Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 1998, , Pages 12-18
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a practical automatic three-dimensional matching project. It consists of two major parts.
The first part is related to the automatic three-dimensional matching project implemented for a digital close range photography test. The components of this test include two CCD ...
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This paper presents the results of a practical automatic three-dimensional matching project. It consists of two major parts.
The first part is related to the automatic three-dimensional matching project implemented for a digital close range photography test. The components of this test include two CCD cameras with a resolution of 758×580 Pixels set on a 70cm horizontal bar. These cameras are set at a distance of 3m from the object. A new type of signs which have been devised for identification and extraction of control points from photos have been set on an around the area under examination. A computer program was prepared for automatic identification and extraction of these signs by computer.
The program is able to create a three-dimensional spatial shape (a model) from two images with cover automatically. The practical method is based on the Bundle Block Adjustment.
The second test was carried out with the aim of working with digitalized aerial photos. These signs have been set in place of fiducial marks and at ground control points. This test is somehow different from the first test, because in this case the program must first carry out the internal justification and then the relative and absolute adjustments.
In general, this paper discusses a method which is used for achievement of automatic matching in digital photography.
Asghar Zarrabi; Maryam Rezaei
Volume 22, SEPEHR , April 2013, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
In recent years, rapid development of urbanism and dramatic increase in urban population have resulted in numerous problems like devastating urban environment, lack of appropriate access to public urban services, incompatibility of urban land uses, lack of social justice, etc. Thus, the necessity of ...
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In recent years, rapid development of urbanism and dramatic increase in urban population have resulted in numerous problems like devastating urban environment, lack of appropriate access to public urban services, incompatibility of urban land uses, lack of social justice, etc. Thus, the necessity of urban planning and management were introduced. So that, new patterns of planning, different social, economic, ecologic and management aspects are reviewed and sustainable development strategies for decreasing problems are proposed. The present article seeks to investigate the importance and role of development in decreasing urban problems, appropriate application of social justice resources and consequently improving the quality of urban life. The study is applied in nature, documentary investigation and standard ranking methods are used.
Finally, it is concluded that applying sustainable development prevents environmental devastation, social injustice, destroying and changing land uses, incompatibility with other land uses. This will in turn provide the necessary context for appropriate urban development and citizen comfort. Planning based on the urban environment is the first step for the implementation of this goal.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 18, Issue 69 , May 2009, , Pages 13-18
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 17, Issue 67 , October 2008, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of ...
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The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.
Mohammad Hassan Nami
Volume 16, Issue 62 , August 2007, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
An earthquake with magnitude of 6.2 on the scale of Richter (6.2 MW) occurred on May 28, 2004 in central Alborz in northern Iran (Firozabad-Kojour) at 17:08:46 local time. Most earthquake research centers reported the epicenter of this earthquake near Firozabad (latitude of 36.283 and longitude of 51.616) ...
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An earthquake with magnitude of 6.2 on the scale of Richter (6.2 MW) occurred on May 28, 2004 in central Alborz in northern Iran (Firozabad-Kojour) at 17:08:46 local time. Most earthquake research centers reported the epicenter of this earthquake near Firozabad (latitude of 36.283 and longitude of 51.616) at a depth of 28.3 km. Firozabad-Tovir is a small part of the central Alborz Mountains and is actually one of the highly active zones in the region in tectonic terms and the boundary zone of the region. There are two sides of this zone by which the Saudi Arabia zone (considering Eurasia zone) every year moves about 20 millimeters northwards. According to the Eurasian zone. This region of Iran is a unique region on the surface of the earth for studying the reaction of the upper crust against continental collision during the late Miocene, considering that it includes the continental shortening due to the north-south collision of the Saudi Arabia and Eurasia zones. Most of the metamorphosis in the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet-Day areas is consistent in terms of the direction and length of the horizontally-moving faults. The northernmost part of the Alborz Mountains laterally extends 900 kilometers around the Caspian Sea and 200- 500 kilometers north of the Neo-Tethyan cleavage. (Figure 1)
Hojjat Mahkuei; Shahla Hasani
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 14-23
Abstract
Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in ...
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Regarding the level of technological development industrial and postindustrial countries have reached, it is hard to believe that once in this planet human beings could not even satisfy their basic needs, such as building a safe shelter. In the third millennium, access to information has resulted in the development of technology and has changed human life to a large degree. Nowadays, international power is a consequence of countries capabilities in exploiting their geographical environments; the way countries exploit their geopolitical situation creates an opportunity to appear powerfully in international realms. Superior technology is an important factor in securing countries against attacks or threatening other countries in preemptive wars. Superpowers such as USA possesses technologies and developed systems such as HARP. HARP is a research project apparently used for investigating and exploring ionosphere layer and underground mines (using ELF/ULF/VLF radio waves). But in reality, “a project with star war technology” has been launched to complete building a new weapon.
The present article takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method and investigates HARP system using library and internet resources. This article aims to explore HARP system as a superior technology United States of America possesses and can use as a destructive or constructive weapon. Results indicate that the system has not been used for constructive purposes.
Zahra Hejazizadeh; Mohammad Hossein Naserzadeh
Volume 17, Issue 66 , August 2008, , Pages 14-18
Abstract
Tsunami is a natural phenomenon that can not be prevented from occurring and is considered as one of the most important oceanic disasters in the world. In this collection, along with providing a definition of it, the types and causes of its occurrence are presented and, according to its geographical ...
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Tsunami is a natural phenomenon that can not be prevented from occurring and is considered as one of the most important oceanic disasters in the world. In this collection, along with providing a definition of it, the types and causes of its occurrence are presented and, according to its geographical distribution in the oceans and places affected by the subduction, some special sites are introduced and, according to its destructive results, it has been attempted, through making suggestions, to take measurements for places that are located along the coastline of the subduction by the way of presenting information about its effects, in order to anticipate the potential risks and possible damages. Considering that in the southern part of Iran, there is the coastline subduction of the Oman Sea and the tectonic of the Indian Ocean, there are potentials for such an incident.
Hasan Ali Faraji Sabokbar; Mahdi Mahdi; Reza Aghataher; Siamak Taghizadeh Ghalejuqi; Saeed Rahimi
Abstract
Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis ...
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Disaster, crisis and then the search, rescue and reliefis a cycle frequently repeated in a country like Iran. In this cycle, commonly known as the crisis management cycle, we are constantly faced with a variety of data and outputs from the early stages, namely, determining the risk of areas to the post-crisis stages and retrieval, which are somehow related to the location. Collectinginformation both in the pre and post-crisis stages will notbe a very difficult task, as the damaged society is then almost relieved from panic and therefore resources permit the authorities in charge to gather information as requiredHowever, during the crisis andas long as the society is suffering from critical conditions, collecting information such as the depth of damages, damaged areas, risk-prone areas, dispersion of damages, resources, facilities and … will be very useful and obviously difficult. Thus, considering the lack of tools andappropriate technology in the country for gathering information during crisis conditions, this research has focused on gathering information in the crisis management response phase. In this regard, concepts of Telegeoinformatics (TGI) and its various architectures were presented and continued with designing a system for gathering information during earthquake crisis. Finally, an emergency response system was designed and was presented as a software package. Moreover, the model and software of this system was presented in UML for further development by other researchers who are studying in the same fields, which resulted in presentation of suggestions for development of this system using other technologies.
Alireza Safdarinezhad; Mahdi Mokhtarzadeh; Mohammadjavad Valadanzouj
Abstract
Abstract
3D point clouds obtained by Airborne Laser Scanner Systems provide a varied and unique geometric information of the physical terrain surfaces due to advantages such as relatively high geometric accuracy and high spatial density of the points. Classification ...
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Abstract
3D point clouds obtained by Airborne Laser Scanner Systems provide a varied and unique geometric information of the physical terrain surfaces due to advantages such as relatively high geometric accuracy and high spatial density of the points. Classification and separation of cloud point data to environmental constructive terrains plays an important role in the process of 3D modeling of terrains. In this procedure, point cloud clustering is a fundamental step in the procedure of information extraction form LiDAR's data. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for supervised classification of LiDAR cloud of points based on contextual analysis of LiDAR points. The proposed method consists of three main steps. In the first step, a set of features based on contextual analyses are produced for each point in LiDAR data. In the second step, the optimum feature selection is done in the modified prototype space using a new strategy. The last step is conducted by a simple k-means clustering in the feature space spanned by optimum contextual clusters. An urban area with the residential texture has been used as the case study to evaluate the proposed method. The results indicate proper classification accuracies. The overall accuracies and kappa coefficients were 93.15% and 0.89 respectively.
Mir Najaf Mousavi; Mahdi Modiri
Abstract
Development plans are the most important mechanism of government for the realization of justice in society. For this reason, focusing on ecological, economic, physical, social and cultural justice in programming and setting it within the framework of Islamic justice leads to the formation of an equitable ...
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Development plans are the most important mechanism of government for the realization of justice in society. For this reason, focusing on ecological, economic, physical, social and cultural justice in programming and setting it within the framework of Islamic justice leads to the formation of an equitable society and the balanced promotion and progress in all dimensions, areas, strata and various geographical regions of the country. In this regard, land use planning programs are considered as important framework forthe balanced development of the society in all aspects and organizing regional disparities. The purpose of this research is to prioritize the indices of Islamic-Iranian justice in realizing land use planning and balanced development in Iran. The type of research is applied-fundamental, and the applied method is descriptive-analytical. Evaluation Indicators of Islamic-Iranian justice are 35 ecological, physical, economic, social, and cultural justice indexes. The statistical population is 31 provinces of the country. The data collection tool is the study of documents and information of general population and housing censuses in various indicators.Network analysis model and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.. The results of the network analysis model show that economic justice indexes with the highest value of 0.282have the greatest role in regional inequalities among the provinces of the country, because in most of the indicators studied, there are differences in terms of wealth and income distribution, the spread of poverty, the income of households per capita, which lead to the lack of justice realization in the society. Also, the analytical findings of structural equation modeling show that the components of economic justice in different regions of the country are very different. Based on the estimated standardized coefficients of the structural model of the research, the level of significance is equal to 0.079 which indicates the effects of economic factorson regional inequalities in the country with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.86 (9.51). It can be said that these inequalities are due to disregarding the balance in the country, and imbalances areevident in resources, activities, facilities, population, services or accumulation in some population areas including metropolises which arein contradiction with the Islamic justice and fair distribution of services and facilities and leads to questioning social justice. Finally, strategies for organizing regional inequalities within the framework of Islamic justice and the realization of territorial justice have been presented.
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani; Afshar saidain
Abstract
Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense ...
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Abstract
Regarding the geopolitical and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continuing threats of neighboring and non-neighboring countries, unfortunately, economic and infrastructure installations and projects have been established in the cities without security and defense considerations which have become an accessible threat to the enemy and any aggression available. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of cities from the passive defense perspective with the case of Ardabil city. This research is an applied- developmental research in terms of goal, and a descriptive- analytical one in terms of nature.Within the framework of the passive defense issues, 18 indicators were provided in the form of five components of critical arteries, crisis management centers, military and police centers, urban equipment and support centers with three strategic, mental and support destruction priorities. The collected data were weighted in ‘SuperDecision’ software (network analysis), then mapped in the GIS environment. The results of the surveys show that, in the situation of crisis and vulnerability, there are six major hazardous areas at Ardabil level, the most important of which: the northeastern exit of Ardabil (Jihad Square leading to the gate of Astara), Southwest of Ardabil (From Sar-ein Station leading to Basij Square and towards Shamasbi Village) and eventually parts of the North and northwest of Ardabil (Vahdat Square) with the sum of 17% of the total areas of land uses in the city, have the highest vulnerability. This is due to the inappropriate situation of physical characteristics and the concentration of administrative, organizational, military and provincial institutions in these areas of Ardabil.
Naser Soltani
Volume 22, Issue 86 , June 2013, , Pages 17-27
Abstract
The environmental crisis of Lake Urmia is considered to be one of the most important environmental, geological, and human dangers of the country. This condition makes it more necessary to study the main processes that influence the level of the water in Lake Urmia so that the suitable directional strategies ...
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The environmental crisis of Lake Urmia is considered to be one of the most important environmental, geological, and human dangers of the country. This condition makes it more necessary to study the main processes that influence the level of the water in Lake Urmia so that the suitable directional strategies and plans are applied to stop the decrease in the level of the sea. Taking this into consideration and indicating the impact of natural causes in this crisis’ accession and its augmentation, the study tried to Study the impact of human as well as population variables in this environmental issue. Six significant effective factors in human consumption were chosen to be studied and relating to the official data and statistics, it was found that the consumption patterns, both concerning the people and activities, are in poor condition. In almost all the factors studied, the capitation of water consumption was higher than the average of that value in the country which has resulted in an imbalance in the consumption patterns of the region. Accordingly, it seems essential to develop appropriate plans and strategies to control and manage the consumption patterns in both aspects of population and activities.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , May 2001, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Military geography discusses special areas of military missions and, depending on scale and application, falls into the following four levels:1- Analysis of the battlefield (local-national scale)2. Analysis of war “scene” or context (on regional-continental scale)3. Political-military geography ...
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Military geography discusses special areas of military missions and, depending on scale and application, falls into the following four levels:1- Analysis of the battlefield (local-national scale)2. Analysis of war “scene” or context (on regional-continental scale)3. Political-military geography (on global and international scale)4. Thematic military geography
Seyyed Mohsen Musavi
Abstract
ExtendedAbstract Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any devices, andin any conditions, are provided. Advances in Information ...
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ExtendedAbstract Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any devices, andin any conditions, are provided. Advances in Information Technology (IT)industry have led to the advent of low-cost threedimensional data acquisition technologies (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) that changesthe approaches of current generation of GIS. One of theimportant matters in different generation of GIS is 3D spatialrelations extraction. 3D topological extraction used more in GIS, isdone based on the data models in different generations ofGIS. There are some deficiencies and limitations in current datamodels such as the lack of high interoperability between the userand the environment, lack of visualizing 3D objects relationships witheach other and inconsistency between 3D objects and their primitives,while in ubiquitous generation of GIS by using different sensorsand infrastructures in the environment, these deficiencies are improved. Inthis article, for extracting 3D topological relations in current GISdata models, the methodology of object-oriented procedure and simulationof different objects like sphere and pyramid are done. Bythe way, for the ubiquitous generation of GIS, by usingsmart Kinect sensor, extraction of 3D topological relations is donefor a building prototype. Information Technology (IT) has faced achange in its earliest style of merely making an interactionbetween the users and the environment within a computer. Nowadays, a new era has arrived at which people can communicatewith their environment through embedded sensors on the basis ofubiquitous computing. With the advent of novel technologies of threedimensional information acquisition from the environment, a revolution in theubiquitous computing has occurred which remarkably broadens its capabilities. Oneof these technologies is the use of Microsoft Kinect smartsensor to acquire the depth information in any location andat any time. One of the requirements of Ubiquitous GISis the use of these sensors capabilities in the extractionof spatial relations that empower us with some spatial analysis. The purpose of this article is the comparison of approachesto extracting 3D topological relations based on the data modelsused in different generations of GIS. The use of anappropriate spatial data model for ubiquitous computing makes the extractionof spatial relations at any time and in any locationpossible as a service for the users. Topological relations areconsidered an important property of spatial objects, and are fundamentalto spatial analyses and query-based processing. As the informationcollected by Kinect is in the form of 3D pointclouds, the extraction of three dimensional topological relations is feasible. The spatial analyses describe the topological relations based on somepredefined models which are generated at the same time withthe process of modeling the objects. In this study, basedon a ubiquitous data model and using Kinect as asensor utilized in ubiquitous computing to enhance the interactivity betweenusers and the environment and to acquire 3D information andto extract topological relations. The proposed data model, termed UbiquitousGIS Data Model (UGDM), is able to support various spatialrelations in a metric or non-metric manner. UGDM wellsupports various spatial relations, including directional, distance-based, projection, andtopological relations. The extraction of eight topological relations via differentsensors is among the capabilities of this data model. Theresults of this article for provided data indicate the differencebetween the generations of GIS to extract topological relations, andmore interactions between user and environment in ubiquitous generation ofGIS by different sensors. The extraction of spatial relations betweenobjects provides us with substantial information about their surrounding environment. Directional, distance based and also topological relations are some instancesof spatial relations. The used methodology in this paper accordingto the ubiquitous GIS generation starts with the acquisition ofinformation in the form of point clouds. Then topological informationlike algebraic topology and point set topology are extracted. Providinga ubiquitous data model for extracting 3D topological relations basedon different sensors and infrastructure enhances the interaction between theuser and the environment. This capability in the presented datamodel shows the lack of interoperability in the current datamodels. Providing a language for presented data model in thisarticle is the paper future goal.
Esmail Shieh; Shaghayegh Sharafi
Volume 23, SEPEHR , July 2014, , Pages 18-24
Abstract
Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing ...
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Today with the development of urbanism and evolution of the citizen’s residential patterns, the quality of children presence in public arenas and recreational areas, their interaction with groups of children of the same age in these areas have been effected due to security problems and increasing level of vulnerability in these areas. This has resulted in the confinement of children to the house environment, and children have limited opportunity for exploring themselves and experiencing the natural environment.
The present article seeks to investigate effective factors in the security of children recreational areas. Study is performed in Niavaran district and Niavaran Park. Statistical group consists of 9591 residents of Niavaran district. Statistical sample were analyzed using standard deviation, sampling methods, and by distributing questionnaires between 95 people (about 1 percent of statistical group).
Three research questions were proposed: How much does the design of playgrounds, equipment in the play grounds, and its environmental features influence the children security? Variables were included in the questionnaires with Likert spectrum.
Results indicate that the design of play grounds plays an important role in children safety. Variables like hidden and insecure corners, playground distinction, how the playground is equipped, lighting and material used in playground floor are more effective. Moreover, the equipment used in playground and the security of equipment have an important role in children security. Environmental features are also somehow important in children security. In this regard, trusting playground, increasing visibility, and marginal and active land usages have a more significant role.
Javad Saberian; Mohammad Reza Malek
Abstract
Mobile devices are widely used for providingpeople with needed information anytime and anywhere. One of themost important mobile applications is related to the navigation andother GIS capabilities. The development of mobile applications needs tobe adapted with the special features and limitations of ...
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Mobile devices are widely used for providingpeople with needed information anytime and anywhere. One of themost important mobile applications is related to the navigation andother GIS capabilities. The development of mobile applications needs tobe adapted with the special features and limitations of thiscomputing environment. Looking in this direction, we present a context-aware mobile map representation which used the dual graph ofstreet networks for automatic simplification and generalization of streets invarious contexts. For this purpose, after the introduction and selectionof context factors, the degree of dual graph nodes areused for automatic generation of maps with fewer details. Wewill show that we could increase the capability and efficiencyof mobile GISs by using dual graphs, because by usingthat, the structure and the topology of streetnetwork could be maintained in generalization process.The proposed approachis validated by a case study applied to a regionof Tehran city. The case study clearly showed the benefits of usingdual graphsin mobile map applications.
Zeinab Obeidavi; Kazem Rangzan; Mostafa Kabolizadeh; Rouhollah Mirzaei
Abstract
Abstract
Sustainable management of wildlife and natural habitats is an outcome of a series of spatial, quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies related to wildlife populations and habitat populations, a matter which necessitates to pay attention to the proper maintenance of existing data ...
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Abstract
Sustainable management of wildlife and natural habitats is an outcome of a series of spatial, quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies related to wildlife populations and habitat populations, a matter which necessitates to pay attention to the proper maintenance of existing data and to organize them to increase the useful life of such data in order to avoid repeating the operations of data acquisition and collection, and consequently to avoid the loss of funds for conservation and management of wildlife. Therefore. In the present study, considering the advantages of using database management system for maintenance, use and management of data, the design and implementation of a wildlife spatial database sample in Khuzestan province is carried out. In the design and implementation of the target database, the PostgreSQL / PostGIS object-relational database was used. According to the findings of the study, the PostgreSQL / PostGIS open source database management system was identified as an appropriate option for the development of the spatial data management capabilities of wildlife. It was also found that the designed system was able to support all possible questions related to wildlife spatial data, providing a solution to some issues and problems related to the management of a huge amount of wildlife scattered data. Also, due to the success of the present research, the necessity of focusing on the organization and management of wildlife information in the country and its inclusion in the context of the policy of the Environmental Protection Agency of the nation has been emphasized, and the need for the creation and development of a comprehensive spatial database of the wildlife of is pointed out.
Mojtaba Yamani; Fatemeh Yusefi; Anvar Moradi; Musa Abbasi; mohsen barzkar
Abstract
Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In ...
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Abstract[1]
In this research, 10 variables of elevation, slope, slope direction, soil, lithology, land cover, communication roads, fault, flood potential and landslide potential have been used in order to plan land use for tourism development with multi-factor evaluation approach for the study area.
In this research, different maps with different scales, ARC GIS10 software, and ‘Super Decisions’ software were used. In the next step, variables were evaluated using ANP and AHP models and according to experts’ opinions. Then, using the spatial analyzers in the GIS environment, the outputs were derived from the reference maps, and while overlapping these maps in GIS environment using algebraic sum operator, the final output was obtained as land use zoning for spatial zonation of tourism.The results were calculated in three qualitative classes, forbidden, contingent and permitted, and showed that about 21% of the region is eligible for development of tourism and about 42% of the region has the potential to develop only conditionally with the ecological aspects observation. About 37% of the region shows the prohibition of tourism development as well. In areas that are permitted for tourism development, in case of favorableuse and provision of facilities and welfare services and appropriate promotion, their potential can be used to develop sustainable tourism and to establish the economic balance of different regions especially in underdeveloped and rural areas. The results of this research can be used as an index for the development of appropriate and optimal applications within the framework of economic plans in the region.
[1] - به دلیل کیفیت نامناسب متن چکیده مبسوط انگلیسیِ ارائه شده توسط نویسنده مسئول مقاله، نشریه به ناچار اقدام به ترجمه مجدد متن چکیده فارسی و انتشار آن به جای چکیده مبسوط انگلیسی نموده است.
Naser Abdi; Ali Reza Azmoude Ardalan; Roohollah Karimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique to determine the position of a single receiver using un-differenced dual-frequency code and carrier phase observations. In this technique, the precise satellite orbit and clock products obtained from the GPS reference station network ...
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Extended Abstract
Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique to determine the position of a single receiver using un-differenced dual-frequency code and carrier phase observations. In this technique, the precise satellite orbit and clock products obtained from the GPS reference station network are also required. Unlike the relative positioning techniques, the network needed for PPP is not necessary to be dense, and even a sparse network with long baselines like the International GNSS Service (IGS) network can be used. The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GPS observation data sets of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range of applications and experimentation. These data sets are used by the IGS to generate the data products which are made available to interested users through the IGS website. Moreover, in contrast to the relative positioning techniques, PPP can provide a uniform accuracy throughout the world without having the reference station observations. In the last decade, PPP has been widely used for the static and kinematic applications. The use of this technique in various applications requires to know its accuracy, processing software requirements, and performing methods. The aim of this paper is to study the performance of PPP by using the static and kinematic observations in comparison with the double difference relative solutions. For this purpose, the static observations of four dual-frequency receivers within Iranian Permanent GNSS Network (IPGN), namely AHVA, SFHN, SNDJ and TORQ, and the kinematic observations of GPS receiver installed on airplane were processed in the PPP and double difference relative solutions by the Bernese GNSS software version 5.0. The Bernese GNSS Software is a scientific, high-precision, GNSS data processing software developed at the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB). It is, e.g., used by Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) for its international (IGS) and European activities. In the double difference relative solution, the coordinates of 10 IGS stations in ITRF2008, which have been located around Iran, have been chosen as the weighted constraints, where the accuracy of constraints for horizontal and vertical components has been taken equal to 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The double difference relative results are assumed as reference values for comparisons. To find the optimum time interval of PPP for obtaining the accuracy better than 10 cm in the horizontal and vertical components, the various sessions have been taken in to account. The GPS station observations of each session are separately processed by the Bernese software in the PPP mode regarding the required parameters such as solid earth tide, ocean tidal loading, windup, antenna phase center offsets and variations for satellites and receivers, and satellite Differential Code Biases (DCBs). Then, the double difference relative results as reference values are subtracted from the obtained PPP results in X, Y and Z coordinates. To show the performance of PPP in both of horizontal and vertical components, the coordinate differences from Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) reference frame are transferred to the Local Geodetic (LG) reference frame in order to provide Northing (N), Easting (E) and Up (U) coordinates. From the PPP static results, we find that the minimum required time interval of the GPS observations is one hourin order to obtain the accuracy better than 10 cm. For assessment of the PPP performance in kinematic mode, the GPS observations collected by mounted GPS receiver on airplane are processed in relative and PPP modes. The duration of these observations is about 6 hours. In the relative kinematic processing by the Bernese software, the observations of 4 GPS reference stations within IPGN and IGS precise satellite orbit and clock products are used. The outputs of this step are three coordinates of GPS antenna mounted on airplane in 30-second epochs, which are considered as reference values. Like the static mode, the reference values are subtracted from the PPP kinematic results in X, Y and Z coordinates and transferred to the LG frame. The results show that the accuracy better than 10 cm and 20 cm can be obtained using the PPP kinematic technique in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. These accuracies are enough for many applications such as hydrography, aerial photogrammetry and navigation. As a result, this study shows that the PPP technique can be an adequate alternative for the relative techniques.
Reza Aminataei; Sahar Akhavan; Amirhooshang Nezamivand chegini
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Due to mainly mountanous topography, specific geographical conditions, various geological formations, neo tectonical activities, and seismicity, Iran is potantially prone to landslides.Gilan and Roudbar region in the southern part of this province are among areas potentially susceptibleof landslides, rock falls, and other events associated with seismichillsides. Landslide results in severe erosions and sometimes leads to financial losses or loss of lives. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes behind this phenomenon and determinezones prone to land sliding. Materials and methods In this study, we tried to usea sample of trenches and boundaries offaultslocated inRoudbar sliding slopes in order to characterize the sliding soils. Following this field investigatation,soil samples were obtained from 10 landslide zones. Then, factors affecting the sliding slopes were identified and a digital map was produced for each factor. Nine data layers including direction and degree of slopes, geology, landuse, precipitation, relative changes in elevation, distance from roads, rivers and faults were used in GIS environment to prepare the weighted maps. Afterwards, LNSF statistical method was used for data analysis in GIS environment and the study area was divided into 5 zones with very low (1), low (2), moderate (3), high (4), and very high (5) sliding susceptibility. Following the integration and analysis of layers using LNSF model, 26 zonation mapswere calculated, and the best map was selected using success rate curves. Then, the zone with highest potentiality for landslide occurrence was selected for further studies from the five zones mentioned before. Hydrometry, Atterberg limits and direct shear tests were performedin the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Gilan University with the aim of identifying physical and mechanical properties of soil samples. Results and discussion Results indicate that with LNSF method, it is possible tozone a vast area (12814.2 hectaresin this research) based on landslide potentiality and then focus on the most critical area (very high landslide potentiality) toinvestigate factors and conditions resulting in the occurrence of landslides or prevention strategies. Success rate charts helps us to determine the most optimal landslide zoning map (i.e. a map inwhich the highest percentage of landslide pixels occur in the “very high potentiality” zone). Following the selection of final zonebased on success rate graphs, from the 26 zoning maps, it was concluded that the landslide zone with very high potentiality encompasses 282.6825 hectares or 2.2% of the total area under study.At the weighting stage, the highest weight was allocated to the seventh category of the land use layer, which at the final zoning stage covers nearly the whole area with very high potantiality of landslides. Therefore, there is a direct relation between the allocated weight in the subject categories and the percentage of its occupancy level in the final zoning.Zoning the results of granulation experiments by Thiessen Polygon, it was concluded that CL type soil coversnearly half of the area with very high landslide potentiality. Determining the static reliability coefficient of the area with very high landslide potentiality, we found that in case soil reaches saturation, unstability of hillsidesin a large part of the study areacanbe expected. Conclusion Dispersion of landslides in Iran is mainly concentrated in Southern Gilan Province. Based on the investigation of the situations in the study area,geology, landuse, distance from highway are identified as the most affective factors in theoccurance of landslides.Following the weighting stage with LNSF method, rated layers were prepared in GIS enviornment, final overlapping was performed, and landslide zoning map of the study area was produced. Based on the landslide risk zonning map, the study area was divided into 5 subsections: 2.21% of the study area had very high sensetivity, 26.43% high sensetivity, 42.28% avarage sensetivity, 25.25% low sensetivity, and 3.83% very low sensetivity. Considering the zonning map produced, it properly overlaps with identified landslides in the area, and help governmental policy makings. It specifically helps Organization of Roads in construction of new roads.
Hamid Reza Ranjbar; Ali Reza Azmoude Ardalan; Hamid Dehghani; Mohamad Reza Serajeyan; Ali Alidousti
Abstract
Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster ...
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Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area, amount, rate, and type of the damage are essential information for rescue, humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster area. On the other hand, to deal with the situation requires well organized and effective emergency planning. How quickly the event is responded and how efficiently response activities are managed are the main determinants of the overall costs of a disaster, both in terms of economic damages and fatalities. Remote sensing techniques play an important role in obtaining building damage information because of their non-contact, low cost, wide field of view, and fast response capacities. Now that more and diverse types of remote sensing data become available, various methods are designed and reported for building damage assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these methods based on using optical images in three categories: mono, multi temporal and combination of images and vector map approach and also implements an automatic damage assessment method of buildings using high resolution satellite images and GIS layers. In this method, after extracting texture features of candidate buildings from both pre- and post-event images and defining optimized features, a neurofuzzy inference system was designed that determines buildings to four damage levels: Undamaged, Moderate damaged, Heavy damaged and Destroyed levels. Evaluation results show that the designed system has the overall accuracy of 89% in classifying buildings to the four damage levels.
Sayyed Ahmad Hosseini; Eisa Ebrahimzadeh; Mojtaba Rafieian; Mahdi Modiri; Mohsen Ahadnejad Roshti
Abstract
Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to ...
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Monitoring the expansion of urban areas on a macro scale is very important for planning urban development and prevention of catastrophic problems in metropolitan areas. However, in most cases, lack of basic information in this area, especially in developing countries, is one of the main obstacles to achieve this. Therefore, in order to investigate the balance in the urban system of Iran, the urban primacy index and the Rank-Sizedistribution of the cities in Iran were utilized from 1335 to 1390 using population data of urban areas in different census periods. Also, in order to monitor the dynamics of urbanization in contemporary Iran from the spatial-temporal view, the DMSP / OLS multi-temporal images of the years 1371 to 1391 were used.Considering all the indices in the urban system of Iran, the results of the research showed that the urbanprimacy phenomenon has existed in all these periods, and in general, the results derived from the Rank-size logarithmic distribution ofthe cities of Iranbetween the years of 1335 and 1390 indicate that inthe last 55 years, the distribution of the cities has tended towards imbalance over time, and indicate the most unbalanced distribution with an absolute slope of 1.142 in the year of 1385. Finally, the linear regression model was used to analyze the DMSP images in relation to urban areas and the gross national product (GDP).The results showed that there was a linear relationship between light at night and population, urban population and the GDP. The R2 value for the urban population is equal to 0.854 which shows that these images can be used as a factor for identifying the dynamics of the urban system in Iran.
Hasan Lashgari; Vida Khalilian
Volume 21, Issue 84 , February 2013, , Pages 21-34
Abstract
Existence of a trough with high amplitude in the middle and high level of atmosphere activates Sudan low thermal pressure. High Pressure located on the surface and levels adjacent to the surface hinders the movement of this low pressure toward northeast, so it moves toward north as an invert trough. ...
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Existence of a trough with high amplitude in the middle and high level of atmosphere activates Sudan low thermal pressure. High Pressure located on the surface and levels adjacent to the surface hinders the movement of this low pressure toward northeast, so it moves toward north as an invert trough. The movement of this system toward north causes the integration of this system with low pressure of east Mediterranean. This Systen moves to east and then enters Iran from west or southwest. After entering Iran, it gradually moves toward central and north-eastern parts of the country and affects these areas.The system's rainfall is heavy at first, and during 2 to 3 days its rainfall reaches 50mm but when it moves toward center and northeastern parts of the country, its amount of rainfall is decreased to less than 7mm. All the country except for east ane southeast benefit from this system.
behnam tashayo; Mohammad Sharif
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction With the developments in navigation, positioning, and tracking technologies, a large amount of moving point data (e.g., human, vehicle, animal) have been produced. Through moving an object in the course of time, a sequence of its position is recorded which is known as trajectory. ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction With the developments in navigation, positioning, and tracking technologies, a large amount of moving point data (e.g., human, vehicle, animal) have been produced. Through moving an object in the course of time, a sequence of its position is recorded which is known as trajectory. Studying the behaviors of point objects and analyzing their trajectories have recently received great attentions among researchers in different fields of science, especially in geographic information science. Such studies contribute to better understanding of movement-behavior patterns of moving objects. Data mining, as one of the main approaches in geographic knowledge discovery, is normally used in moving databases to extract information from moving point objects’ trajectories. Analyzing the similarity of trajectories as one of the frequently used approaches in geographic data mining, is of great importance, which is normally performed by distance functions. The way an object moves is highly influenced from the condition and situation (known as context) where movement takes place. Therefore, merely analyzing trajectories from their spatiotemporal dimension may not clearly reflect the conditions and situations (contexts) during the move, and may lead to unrealistic results. Accordingly, most of the present distance functions are only able to measure the similarity of trajectories at spatial and spatiotemporal dimensions and neglect the underlying context during the move. Therefore, developing a new trajectory similarity measure approach, capable of handling a wide range of context information in conjunction with spatiotemporal dimension becomes crucial. Materials & Methods According to the complexity and variety in the moving objects’ datasets, especially in their context parameters, in this research, a fuzzy model is developed which is able to exploit a wide range of internal and external context information in similarity measure process of multi-length trajectories. Specifically, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) is used for measuring the similarity between trajectories based on qualitative and quantitative context information. To enhance the effectiveness of the system, a subjective hierarchical fuzzy inference system (HFIS) is designed and the membership functions and rules are generated and adjusted based on learning. The HFIS controls the rules by dividing a FIS into several simple sub-systems that are hierarchically connected to each other. The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used for defining and adjusting the FIS. The performance of the system is assessed by applying it on real trajectories of pedestrians’ and cyclists’ datasets in the Central Park of Manhattan, New York, USA, while accounting contextual information. The movement parameters and context information were recorded in qualitative and quantitative formats. Two types of context information are used: 1) internal context (i.e., all of the properties that directly relate to the moving object, such as eagerness), and 2) external context (i.e., any factor that extrinsically influences the process of movement, such as slope). According to the nature of data, four models of spatial, spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal-internal context, and spatiotemporal-internal-external context are applied on the dataset to see the added value of each parameter. Results & Discussion The achievements of the implementations can be discussed from two main perspectives: 1) system performance, and 2) similarity results. From the system performance aspect, the control surface plots indicate the consistency of the rules in the developed fuzzy inference systems. In addition, the Pareto diagrams for both pedestrians’ and cyclists’ models cover the Pareto fronts in all four models in an appropriate manner. From the similarity results aspect that are shown in boxplots, the commonalities between both pedestrians’ and cyclists’ trajectories are very high at the spatial dimension in the first model, while by adding the temporal dimension as the second model, the similarity range at the spatiotemporal dimension increases. This issue is directly related to the traversed paths and the elapsed times of the moving objects. By importing the internal contexts (i.e., speed, direction, length, eagerness) as the third model, the similarity range again increases but the median decreases. However, the distribution in the pedestrians’ similarity values is much more than the cyclists’ values. The fourth model is composed of all the previous parameters plus the external contexts (i.e., path difficulty and slope). The same as previous trends, the similarity range increases but the median decreases. Although the number of trajectories that share common characteristics are low when taking into account all the spatial, temporal, internal contexts, and external contexts in the implementation, the results become much more realistic and close to reality for both datasets. In addition, to assess the influence of the internal and external contexts on the similarity output, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, with a 95% confidence level, is applied on the results. Furthermore, a number of sensitivity analyses are applied on the datasets. The outcomes demonstrate meaningful influence of contexts on the similarity results of trajectories. Conclusion In this research a novel approach based on fuzzy systems is developed for multi-dimensional similarity measure of trajectories while accounting both internal and external context information. This approach enhances the previous similarity functions that only use spatial and temporal data. The developed models were applied on two real trajectory datasets, which were capable of handling both quantitative and qualitative information. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed context-aware similarity measure approach in revealing the commonalities between trajectories in multi dimensions.
Aerial photography
Morteza Heidarimozaffar; Reza Zerafatyjamal; Hossein Torabzadeh Khorasani
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction:The production of topographic maps by drone photogrammetry has replaced traditional mapping in many civil projects. UAV photogrammetry due to the rapid development of hardware and software can be used in many geomatic applications including agriculture, forestry, archeology ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction:The production of topographic maps by drone photogrammetry has replaced traditional mapping in many civil projects. UAV photogrammetry due to the rapid development of hardware and software can be used in many geomatic applications including agriculture, forestry, archeology and architecture, emergency management, and traffic monitoring. Nowadays, mapping the boundaries of linear projects such as roads, water transmission canals, power transmission lines (electricity and gas), railway lines, and the like, is done by UAV photogrammetry. UAV photogrammetry has emerged as a viable alternative due to its lower cost, greater spatial and temporal resolution, and flexibility in capturing images compared to other conventional aerial and space methods. Despite various researches in this field, the effect of the imaging method on the accuracy of topographic maps has not been directly studied and tested. In this paper, the experimental conditions of UAV photogrammetric imaging methods in two modes of height-fixed and scale-fixed were considered. The effect of using accurate positioning equipment on image centers on reducing the number of required control points has also been investigated.Materials & Methods:Assessing and ensuring accuracy is very important for topographic maps. Knowledge of the number and distribution of control points throughout the project area and the optimal imaging method are effective in producing these maps. In this paper, to achieve the most optimal imaging mode and the highest accuracy in the production of topographic maps for this type of project, the effects of flight design parameters, number, and distribution of control points were studied. Also, the effect of using accurate positioning equipment of image centers on reducing the number of required control points has been investigated. Image processing without accurate information of image centers with control points, image processing with accurate information of image centers and without using control points, and image processing with accurate information of image centers and control points, were considered in two flight modes with fixed altitude and fixed scale. Of the 25 points whose exact coordinates were measured differentially by the Global Positioning System, 18 were ground control points and 7 checked points. The control of the elevation coordinates of the points was performed using the direct geometric leveling method. To evaluate the accuracy of the results, the amount of error and the accuracy of the work performed, the leveling operation was performed in a round trip between all control and checkpoints.Results & Discussion:Evaluating the accuracy of the UAV photogrammetric method in producing topographic maps related to this project, according to the criterion, the root means square of errors has been done for the control and checkpoints. In addition to calculating this criterion for control and checkpoints, the difference between the digital models prepared and the reference model was considered another criterion for comparison and evaluation. According to the results, the mean height error of all points in the constant-scale mode has the lowest value in Scenario 3. The numerical value of the mean error, in this case, was equal to 0.010 meters for control points and 0.020 meters for checkpoints. The accuracy of the models obtained from point clouds with dimensions of 0.5 meters is higher than the point clouds of 2 and 4 meters. The largest difference from the reference model is related to model 1 in the category of models obtained from 0.5-meter point clouds, which vary numerically in the range (-1.68 to 10.56) meters.Conclusion:The results of the height error evaluation of control and checkpoints show if aerial triangulation and justification of images use image center observations alone, in challenging projects the mapping of linear areas where the mapping is done in a strip area will not have the desired accuracy. The use of ground reference images alone is not sufficient and the simultaneous use of ground control points and ground reference images improves the accuracy of the results. As a result, the use of ground control points, fixed scale images, and image center information in the image processing process to produce corridor maps provides the best elevation accuracy compared to other modes. Also, the use of the initial digital elevation model of the project area in performing flight operations and capturing images with fixed scales has a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of the elevation component. Based on the comparison of the final digital elevation models compared to the reference model, the accuracy of the models obtained from the resolution of 0.5 meters is higher than 2 and 4 meters. Also, the effectiveness of filters to correct and reduce errors in digital elevation models has better results.
