Hamid Enayati (Translator)
Volume 7, Issue 28 , February 1998, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical ...
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This paper presents a new view on fully-automatic aerial triangulation. The concept of automatic extraction system connects nodal points with automatic matching of the branches of nodal points. The matching part is determined by multi-image matching techniques, and each image is achieved through a hierarchical manner. Justification of images and terrestrial coordinates of nodal points are calculated simultaneously. Primary results have been reported which show practical aspects of this view.
Hosein Asakareh; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , November 1997, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, ...
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The effective temperature is the temperature of calm and saturated air that can have, in absence of radiation, the same effect that the air in question has. This standard combines the effects of temperature and humidity. The modified effective temperature, besides the two factors of temperature and humidity, involves the effect of radiation and cooling quality of wind as well. Therefore, it is the most accurate standard recommended for study of air conditions in terms of human comfort.
Effective temperatures between 22o to 27o and wind flows with speeds between 0.15 to 1.5 m/s have been suggested as the area of comfort for human being in hot regions. The following issues are considered for determination of thermal comfort area in Abadan and Dezful:
Need for mechanical cooling and provision of shade, need for decreasing the speed of wind, need for mechanical heat in early hours of the day (during winter).
It should be noted that the maximum effective temperature of Abadan in absence of wind occurs during April to June as well as August and October. In Dezful, maximum effective temperature takes place with one month of delay compared to Abadan, namely from May until June and then in September and October.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translator)
Volume 5, Issue 17 , May 1996, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
Automatic or semi-automatic short-range digital photogrammetric systems are among the most accurate and efficient instruments for most measurements in industrial production. This paper examines and illustrates the experiences and results of strategic studies on a short-range digital photogrammetric project ...
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Automatic or semi-automatic short-range digital photogrammetric systems are among the most accurate and efficient instruments for most measurements in industrial production. This paper examines and illustrates the experiences and results of strategic studies on a short-range digital photogrammetric project concerning the process of production. These results are related to the application of this technique in the production and quality control carried out in a North American shipyard.
The present article is the result of one of the five strategic research studies conducted by the ETH Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry of Zurich, at a shipyard workshop called (BIW) in Mainc, USA.
The purpose of these studies is, in fact, an accurate assessment of the implementation of modern digital photogrammetric systems in the measurement of events occurring during the production stages and their quality control in a shipyard workshop.
The project presented here is the dimensional control of various parts of the body of a ship before it is installed and finalized. In the BIW workshop, the various parts of a body with a nominal dimension of 12 x 25 x 25 meters and weighing several hundred tons are placed on each other and then they are individually prepared and then assembled, and eventually set in a part of the full body of the ship, which is placed in the shipyard.
This method of installing and fitting parts in the construction of ships usually results in an increase in financial costs due to freedom of action.
Mohammad Mosayyebi; Saeed Movahedi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , February 1995, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences ...
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Nature is extremely complicated, and often this complexity is such that we feel dreadfully ignorant of them. Consequently, when we consciously or often unknowingly and accidentally cause major changes in the world, we transform the ultra-complex mechanisms in a way that we cannot predict the consequences of them. That's why there are some weird things happening.
One of the most fundamental factors in the structure of the Planet is the climate, and undoubtedly nature, man and all manifestations of life are at a broad level affected by climatic conditions. Climate scientists have come to the conclusion that climate can be changed in all aspects of time. Climate change is the result of interaction of complex and less-known factors. Some of these factors act outside the Earth's atmosphere, and some of them are ground-based systems, some of which are in human control, and human actions change their process. The transformation of these factors will lead to countless environmental issues, all of which arise from the fact that space, time, diversity of matter and energy are not considered as resources, and due to the increasing trend of the variety of pollutants in nature, the instability of global ecosystem will be inevitable. In this paper, the impact of human activities is analyzed with an emphasis on the impact of carbon dioxide.
Fatemeh Behforuz
Volume 4, Issue 14 , August 1995, , Pages 6-16
Abstract
Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational ...
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Turkmenistan had been part of Muslim Turkestan before it became one of the Soviet republics in 1925 (Dublitch and Muller 1990, p. 9). The republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were also parts of the former Turkestan (Rawa, Olivier, Translation of Mansouri, p. 53). It is a multinational republic, and Turkmens form the dominant nationality. Other national-ethnic groups such as the Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and a small number of Tartars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Karakalpak live in the Republic as minorities. The majority of Soviet Turkmens reside in this Republic, and few Turkmens live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and the North Caucasus, and the Astrakhan Oblast (belonging to the Russian Federation). (Britannica, 1990, p. 1100) Turkmens belong to the European group, which are accompanied by a small Mongolian racial mixing (Turkmens, P.484). Thus, they can be classified mainly as Caucasian or White race, which at the same time is more or less mixed with the yellow race.
The religion of the Sunni Turkmens is Hanafi and their language is Turkmen (one of the branches of the Altai-Turkish language). Dublitch and Mueller write about Turkmenistan that, when the Soviet government began to modernize the area, the Turkmen were nomadic (1990, p. 9). Nearly half of the people in the republic now live in villages and half of the people in the cities. The Turkmen manpower has been discussed here in terms of quantitative and qualitative aspects and demographic, social, cultural and economic issues in relation to this newly independent republic. Turkmenistan is currently a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which has recently joined the ECO Economic Cooperation Organization.
Dorreh Mirheidar
Volume 4, Issue 13 , May 1995, , Pages 6-11
Abstract
Northern Caucasus: A Historical Geographic Survey
Geographically, the Caucasus region consists of two separate Northern and Southern parts, divided by the line formed by the Great Caucasus Mountains. From the northern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains stretched in the northwest-southeast direction, ...
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Northern Caucasus: A Historical Geographic Survey
Geographically, the Caucasus region consists of two separate Northern and Southern parts, divided by the line formed by the Great Caucasus Mountains. From the northern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains stretched in the northwest-southeast direction, to the Manych depression close to the Azov Sea where the surface of the land is gradually flattened, is considered the northern Caucasus, while the Southern Caucasus includes southern domains of the Great Caucasus Mountains, the deep and vast syncline of the Kura-Royoni, the Small Caucasian Mountains and the Armenian plateau (see Map No. 1).
Here it is worth recalling that the term Transcaucasia, when used by Russian and Western writers, is meant to refer to the Caucasian republics, and when used by geographers in the Middle East, to the Northern Caucasus.
Alireza Azmoudeh Ardalan (Translation)
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 6-8
Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the world's leading position-determining means around the world at all the hours of the day, in different atmospheric, space, sea and land conditions. Currently, there are 10 satellites of the GPS’s block 1 in the orbit for testing the system and land receivers. ...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the world's leading position-determining means around the world at all the hours of the day, in different atmospheric, space, sea and land conditions. Currently, there are 10 satellites of the GPS’s block 1 in the orbit for testing the system and land receivers. Many of these receivers are operating beyond their predicted lifetime. Two satellites from this group are out of activity and one is about ending its mission. The Challenger Spaceship Crash postponed the full deployment of the satellites of Block 2 for nearly two years. According to the latest decision, the first launch of block 2 satellites was carried out in the fourth quarter of 1988 (Jewkes, 1987), and, according to a predetermined schedule, complete deployment of the block 2 satellites was completed by the end of 1991.
The initial design of the system was based on a 24-satellite system, which was later reduced to 18 active and 3 reserve satellites due to financial issues. The calculations show that the recent system (18 satellites), despite all the efforts made to give it the best geometric status, leads at each moment to the creation of four areas on the ground in which the act of position determining takes place with poor quality. These areas are called “Outage”. The extent, location and time of this state vary as a function of time, but can be precisely predicted. In areas where this situation is created, temporary use of other navigation devices is recommended.
Akbar Torkan
Volume 2, Issue 5 , August 1992, , Pages 6-10
Abstract
The following is the first part of an excerpt from the speeches by the Minister of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces, which was addressed during the year 1990 as a comprehensive overview of the world’s developments of the past two-hundred years. The second part will be presented in the next ...
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The following is the first part of an excerpt from the speeches by the Minister of Defense and Support of the Armed Forces, which was addressed during the year 1990 as a comprehensive overview of the world’s developments of the past two-hundred years. The second part will be presented in the next issue of the journal.
Samaneh Mosayyebi
Volume 22, SEPEHR , July 2013, , Pages 7-11
Abstract
The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, ...
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The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, time and variability in accordance with their environment.
Extracting too much alluvial materials (more than what can be renewed) results in destruction and collapse of river systems. It destroy their ecological unity in different ways and ultimately transfer its negative effects to the surrounding ecosystems.
Golpaygan River has been the most important resource providing sand for its surroundings for about half a century. Because of many different reasons such as limited flood current, small basin, construction of a dam, the river cannot restore even a small portion of its despoiled resources of sand and gravel.
Therefore, the river is facing irrecoverable morphologic, hydrologic and geomorphologic changes in a vast part of its central basin. This can have negative influence on groundwater resources, vegetation, soil resources, erosion and other environmental elements.
The present article endeavors to study and investigate the effects of mismanagement in the area, hoping that perhaps this results in paying more attention to the environment. To do so, it applies field study, hydrological and geomorphodynamic studies and calculates the volume of erosional sources in the river.
Hossein Hataminejad; Fariad Parhiz; Mehrdad Karami
Volume 21, Issue 82 , September 2012, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
It is possible to call tourism as the “White Industry” because in contrast to most manufacturing industries it provide the necessary prerequisites for friendship and mutual understanding between different nations and bring peace for people without polluting the environment. Industry is a ...
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It is possible to call tourism as the “White Industry” because in contrast to most manufacturing industries it provide the necessary prerequisites for friendship and mutual understanding between different nations and bring peace for people without polluting the environment. Industry is a revenue and a source of employment in national level. Tourism is an appropriate alternative and a development strategy, especially when other economic sections are making less profit. Thus, coping with low levels of income and providing new opportunities for employment and social changes are the principle reasons for the development of tourism which can provide new hopes for decreasing poverty especially in areas facing economic depression. Some advantages of this industry includes employment, bringing cash to the country, regional interaction, aiding global peace, helping investment in cultural heritage, improving the environment, improving wild life habitat, developing rural regions with tourism attractions and preventing emigration. The present article explains obstacles and negative effects of tourism and then applies descriptive-analytic method to explain society-based tourism as a solution.
Ahmad Taghdisi; Zahra Hedayatimoghaddam
Volume 20, Issue 80 , February 2012, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
In the theory of functionalism, society is considered an organized system, and as each system consists of distinct components and elements, society is also formed as a system of separate groups and organizations. These components are combined in a special way and together constitute a whole. The survival ...
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In the theory of functionalism, society is considered an organized system, and as each system consists of distinct components and elements, society is also formed as a system of separate groups and organizations. These components are combined in a special way and together constitute a whole. The survival of a system requires constructive interaction of its components and elements and that the system be integrated in a framework of environmental factors such as geography, values and social systems. This interaction and cooperation conforms to a series of principles and rules will lead to maintaining the balance and survival of the system, and even if parts and components of it are subject to change, this cooperation will contribute to maintaining overall stability. In this theory, each component of the system has a specific function and its survival depends on its interaction with the rest of the system's components and the degree to which it functions. A component can be operating in a period of time and be without any functions in another period, which, if not functioning, is deleted from the system. In this theory, the survival and continuance of all traditions, social relationships and institutions depend on the work or task they occupy in the social system as a whole, and continue to exist in their own way as long as they have a useful function. The theory of functionalism considers any kind of partial change and transformation due to the functional need of society; in other words, in this theory, society acts in a way so as to be responsive to its functional needs, and mechanisms are in a way that preserve unity , coherence, balance and survival. In this paper, while reviewing the functionalism school in geography, comparative parallel of this school with other geographical schools are carried out. (Azadeh Amaraki, 1994; Adibi, Ansari, 2004).
Hossein Asakereh; Soheila Maleki
Volume 20, Issue 78 , August 2011, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
Temperature and precipitation are two important climatic variables that have a significant effect on life and activities of individuals. These two elements are generally dependent on each other. In this research, the correlation between temperature and precipitation is determined using Pearson correlation ...
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Temperature and precipitation are two important climatic variables that have a significant effect on life and activities of individuals. These two elements are generally dependent on each other. In this research, the correlation between temperature and precipitation is determined using Pearson correlation coefficient. The existence or absence of a linear relationship between temperature and precipitation was also examined. Furthermore, the simultaneous effect of temperature and relative humidity on rainfall was calculated and the significance of regression was investigated. In this study, SPSS software was used for drawing graphs and multivariate regression analysis. Using the findings of this research, it was shown that there is a weak inverse relation between temperature and precipitation. The actual contribution of temperature changes in precipitation is 3.61% which is very low, and there is no linear relationship between temperature and precipitation. In the two-variable regression, the temperature had again no significant effect on rainfall, but relative humidity was an effective variable in precipitation of this station. In this study, the mean annual temperature and precipitation of Zanjan station, extracted from the meteorological website, have been used during the statistical period of 1956-2005. Zanjan is located on the northern 36o41’ and eastern 29o48’ in the northwest of Iran. The city’s altitude at the station is 1620 meters.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 14, Issue 56 , February 2005, , Pages 7-8
Abstract
All the universe apart from the objects and phenomena within it is called Space. The Earth, atmosphere, celestial bodies, the Milky Way and other galaxies are within space. Many physicists have divided space into two parts:(A) The near space that lies within a distance of eighty kilometers from the Earth ...
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All the universe apart from the objects and phenomena within it is called Space. The Earth, atmosphere, celestial bodies, the Milky Way and other galaxies are within space. Many physicists have divided space into two parts:(A) The near space that lies within a distance of eighty kilometers from the Earth and stretches to areas near the moon's surface. The space around the Earth is called the inner space, which is a complex region, and the physical characteristics, effective geographic factors and points of interest in the space military planning were presented through the last three papers (parts nineteen, twenty and twenty one) under the following three categories:- Intermediate levels of air – space;- Near space or environmental space of the earth;- The moon and the space around it.(B) The outer space or the distant space which is extremely vast and in which planets and moons move, and which the Earth has no effects on. The outer space sometimes extends to the space between galaxies.In this paper, the outer (distant) space has been of interest, which is very distinct from the near space. Coverage of outer (distant) space is very wide and there are vast opportunities for maneuvering. Here, some discussions on how to select the orbit and the position in space as well as the performance of different weapons are presented.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 14, Issue 55 , November 2005, , Pages 7-8
Abstract
Military forces are now limiting their activities to near-space, and they carry out their missions within this section of the space. Therefore, familiarity with new concepts of spatial geographic factors is necessary for maneuvering in a modeling environment. In the study of spatial geographic factors, ...
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Military forces are now limiting their activities to near-space, and they carry out their missions within this section of the space. Therefore, familiarity with new concepts of spatial geographic factors is necessary for maneuvering in a modeling environment. In the study of spatial geographic factors, through the nineteenth and twentieth parts of this series of papers under the title “an introduction to military geography”, the first two of the four following regions were discussed. A) Intermediate section of aerospace; B) Near- space (close to the environment of the Earth); C) Moon and its surroundings; D) The outer space without a definite or fixed shape beyond it; This paper deals with "the Moon and its surroundings".
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 47 , November 2003, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
Urban warspopular uprisings, resistance movements as well as terrorists grow in urban environment, and their potentials and talent are strengthened in streets and alleys, and superior technology fails to counteract them because the forces who seek to combat such irregular and guerrilla wars in cities ...
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Urban warspopular uprisings, resistance movements as well as terrorists grow in urban environment, and their potentials and talent are strengthened in streets and alleys, and superior technology fails to counteract them because the forces who seek to combat such irregular and guerrilla wars in cities find that timely access to accurate information is difficult and that conventional military tactics are ineffective in chasing games in the heart of cities.Revolutionary uprisingsPeople's wars, as described by Mao, Che Guevara and General Giap, are mass rebellions that start in rural areas and ultimately find their way into the city. Urban rebellions that have a different style start in cities where most people live, and if successful, they will come to a faster conclusion.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 11, Issue 43 , November 2002, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects ...
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Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels.Political geography is a science that expresses the effects of geographic factors of a country or area on military movements.Political geography is a part of military sciences that concerns environmental characteristics of the area of operation.Political geography includes application of geographic analysis method. It is worth noting that various definitions have been presented for political geography, but two major points are necessary to be considered in order to reach a comprehensive definition.
A. Scale and application of military geographyThe application of military geography for political leaders, national security planners, commanders and military hierarchies that play major roles in formulation of military strategies, which has specific definition and a certain scope.B-The military geography has its own value against internal and external threats and various geopolitical conditions of any region. In fact, military geography faces threats by presenting their direction and exploitation of geographic factors against these threats.Military geography is an effective guide in national and macro planning in a country including land preparation and allocation, so that appropriate locating of development plans and constructive measures of the country such as infrastructure and industrial establishments take defense-security considerations into account in all circumstances.
Ma'soumeh Rajabi
Volume 10, Issue 40 , February 2001, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
Generally speaking, one of the definitions presented for maps is: drawing images of a part or whole of the surface of the earth at a given scale on a flat and horizontal plane. On the other hand, geomorphology is a science that is related to the study of landforms or forms of terrains especially in terms ...
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Generally speaking, one of the definitions presented for maps is: drawing images of a part or whole of the surface of the earth at a given scale on a flat and horizontal plane. On the other hand, geomorphology is a science that is related to the study of landforms or forms of terrains especially in terms of their origin and the various processes that create them. Geomorphology studies, based on their nature, are in four topics of studying the materials on which landforms are taken shape, studying the processes that shape the material, and studying the evolution and history of landscapes.Thus, the purpose of geomorphologic mapping is to record information about the surface shape, material (soil and stone), surface processes and, in some cases, age of terrains. The maps thus prepared contain basic information on land systems and can be used in most environmental issues such as land use studies, natural resources and agriculture, surface and underground water, civil engineering, exploration and extraction of mineral resources and so on.
Abbasali Salehabadi
Volume 7, Issue 26 , August 1998, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative ...
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Instantaneous application of distance corrections in the DGPS relative positioning method has led to increase of precision and validity of this method. While great errors such as atmospheric delays and unusual fluctuations in satellite clocks’ behavior and orbital information can affect relative and movable positioning by GPS, application of DGPS method and its instantaneous corrections brings about precisions of the order of one meter and less for dynamic aims. In this method, instantaneous relative positioning of still receiver with known coordinates is like a pseudo-satellite that can send waves and encoded messages similar to codes sent from satellites to moving receivers. The major advantage of this encoding is prevention of measuring a broad spectrum of waves in a distance from pseudo-satellite in frequency band of GPS wavelengths, namely around 1 to 2 GHz, which propagate in a direct line in atmosphere. Therefore, pseudo-satellite concepts can be used in applications such as aerial surveying and photogrammetry.
Majid Mokhtarani (Translator)
Volume 6, Issue 24 , February 1997, , Pages 7-19
Abstract
Today, despite the emergence of precise surveying devices for ranging, including its more advanced type, namely GPS, the question still remains about the accuracy of such machines. Possibly accurate measurement is not necessary in many ordinary surveying works, but in fine works it is necessary that ...
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Today, despite the emergence of precise surveying devices for ranging, including its more advanced type, namely GPS, the question still remains about the accuracy of such machines. Possibly accurate measurement is not necessary in many ordinary surveying works, but in fine works it is necessary that the accuracy of spacer be controlled and determined. One of the most important surveying operations which needs great precision is microgeodesy. This operation has applications in measuring dams’ displacement, earth’s tectonic movements, landslides and even predicting earthquake and rise or fall of sea levels, installing an important piece in giant factories and measuring its movements, etc. In such operations, the spacer is used after determining its precision. Despite rapid advancement of GPS receivers in surveying operations, they are still not used singly in microgeodetic works, because their relative precision is not suitable for such operations, especially in short distances. Consequently it is used merely as a complementary. Electronic spacers have the highest precision in short and long distances. If we take a look at the precision of spacers in various distances, we notice that up to five kilometers the electronic spacers, especially those working based on two-color method are of high accuracy. From eight to thirty kilometers the single-frequency GPS systems, from thirty to eighty up to a hundred kilometers the two-frequency GPS systems, and in higher distances ranging by the SLR and V.L.B.I methods are of great precision.
Abbasali Salehabadi (Translation)
Volume 4, Issue 15 , November 1995, , Pages 7-9
Abstract
On May 10, 1994, the occurrence of a partial or ring eclipse of the sun in North America for more than six minutes fascinated millions of people in these areas. Unlike a general eclipse, a ring eclipse occurs when the moon is at the place on its orbit around the Earth farthest from that planet. In this ...
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On May 10, 1994, the occurrence of a partial or ring eclipse of the sun in North America for more than six minutes fascinated millions of people in these areas. Unlike a general eclipse, a ring eclipse occurs when the moon is at the place on its orbit around the Earth farthest from that planet. In this situation, the diameter of the moon appears slightly smaller than the Sun’s diameter. Thus, the fully-dark image of the moon is visible in the very thin halo of the Sun from above a place in the shadow of the Moon. Observers look at this rare event through special solar filters to see how the Moon's image is embedded in the shining view of the Sun. The occurrence of this phenomenon can be thought of as creating a white hot cavity in the heart of the blue sky. The dark space behind the hot solar ring makes the imagination more powerful. This phenomenon is among the second ring eclipse that has been visible in North America over the last two half-years. But unlike the January 1992 event, which was only visible from southern California, the arctic route on May 10th was eastward along the northwest of Mexico, and so covered most of the United States and the easternmost part of Canada, and was visible in these areas. This event ended at the sunset in the Morocco region.
Dorreh Mirhaidar
Volume 2, Issue 7 , August 1993, , Pages 7-17
Abstract
The current political map of Central Asia, with borders separating five independent states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, has gradually formed in three stages in the first half of the 20th century.
The first political unit with today's borders was created on August ...
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The current political map of Central Asia, with borders separating five independent states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, has gradually formed in three stages in the first half of the 20th century.
The first political unit with today's borders was created on August 26, 1920 under the name of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic as part of internal divisions of the Russian Federation. This political unit embraced the territory of the Kazakhs, and the use of the name Kyrgyz was due to the fact that the Russians used to call the Kazakhs as Kyrgyz so that they would not be confused with the Cossack people around the territory of the Kazakhs, and the true Kyrgyz who lived in the northern mountains of Tian Shan were called Qara-Kyrgyz.
Seyyedeh Shahla Hosseyni-e Asl; Hasan Beykmohammadi
Volume 21, SEPEHR , February 2013, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Kazerun is located in southern Fars province. It covers an area of about 2174 hectares. Due to inappropriate features (such as unemployment, shortage in services, narrow passages, population density, insufficiency in infrastructure, economic, social and legal problems), 10 percent of this area (about ...
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Kazerun is located in southern Fars province. It covers an area of about 2174 hectares. Due to inappropriate features (such as unemployment, shortage in services, narrow passages, population density, insufficiency in infrastructure, economic, social and legal problems), 10 percent of this area (about 210 hectares) are worn out urban texture with a direct influence on economic depression, worn out texture and its residents. These elements collectively reveals the significance of this study.
The present article seeks to recognize problems of worn out texture and the economic, social and cultural structure of the study area, while providing some suggestions to solve the problems in this texture. The study is performed using descriptive-analytic method and field study in Kazerun city. Required information and statistics are provided by authentic resources and reliable organizations and offices (municipality- governorate-cultural heritage organization- statistical yearbooks- 2006 and 1996 population and housing census). Results indicate that social-economic situation, inappropriate infrastructure facilities and management factor influence texture and cause texture underdevelopment. Moreover, many economic problems and social damages can be prevented by developing economic-social activities, creating job opportunities, correcting system of passages and improving service centers in the area.
Bahman Kaargar
Volume 16, Issue 64 , February 2008, , Pages 8-10
Abstract
Today, the unruly spread of marginal settlement is one of the major problems in urban management that can not be overlooked. Since the margin directly affects the center, the events of recent years have shown that people who have settled on the margins of metropolitan areas, in most cases migrants from ...
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Today, the unruly spread of marginal settlement is one of the major problems in urban management that can not be overlooked. Since the margin directly affects the center, the events of recent years have shown that people who have settled on the margins of metropolitan areas, in most cases migrants from smaller cities and even the neighboring countries (1), bring by their entrance into metropolises problems such as unemployment, social, cultural and other problems. On the other hand, marginal settlement is a problem that must be solved urgently, because the problems of these types affect the city's metropolitan part as well, and significantly reduce its growth and development.
Maryam Bayati Khatibi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, ...
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River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, represent the level of flowing waters in the past and river performance in response to changes in the characteristics of several factors. Regarding the activity of processes. and influenced by changes and disturbances in conditions, the river sometimes has to cut its bed and create benches parallel with its longitudinal profile.The river terraces, which provide successive changes in beds of river flows, are in fact considered the best means for surveying the past history of regions in terms of the type of changes and rivers’ reaction to such changes in different times. Considering such an important feature, these phenomena are among the topics discussed in different sciences of the earth, especially geomorphology and soil science. For soil sciences, the terraces are: smooth surfaces with mild slopes formed by heterogeneous pebbles whose presence along the rivers provides a relatively stable place for soil formation.
For geomorphology, river terraces, as the most important geomorphologic forms, are results of the operation of water flows which have been formed by fluctuations and changes in various factors, such as changes in the energy of morphodynamic factors.River terraces formed and developed by alternation of the processes of destruction and sequestration in the rivers are usually seen as slope cuts on either side of the rivers’ banks or only on one side of them.Generally, it can be said that the formation of terraces around the bed of rivers suggests adjustments and changes in longitudinal profile of rivers in response to changes in the type and amount of exchanges related to the location, special time and evolution of longitudinal profile of river in order to adapt to the new conditions.Despite the importance and major influence of tectonic activities on river alluvia and formation of terraces, research in this area has been very trivial. The difference in the shape of channels and variation in the response of rivers to such activities (due to difference in flow rate, type and amount of bed load) have possibly been the main reasons for complexity of the subject and, as a result, a decrease in the number of studies in this field.
Seyyed Yahya Safavi
Volume 11, Issue 42 , August 2002, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
The surface and in-depth marine topography of each ocean include continental shelf, continental slope, and deep islands and areas. Amphibious forces deal with marginal areas, especially coasts, approaches to the coasts and straits, while mariners are associated with mountain ranges, deep pits and vast ...
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The surface and in-depth marine topography of each ocean include continental shelf, continental slope, and deep islands and areas. Amphibious forces deal with marginal areas, especially coasts, approaches to the coasts and straits, while mariners are associated with mountain ranges, deep pits and vast plains hidden in the seabed.
